tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23848927435776289122024-03-05T10:42:12.233-08:00ANAK CELEBESMuhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-9221239261571527752016-03-20T23:33:00.001-07:002016-03-20T23:33:16.087-07:00<p dir="ltr">ABSTRAK<br>
Nuralizah, 1127040025. Pengaruh Penambahan Labu Kuning (Curcurbita moschata) dan Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L) terhadap Kualitas Es Krim yang Dihasilkan. Skripsi. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Makassar. 2016, Asmah Adam, Ratnawaty Fadilah.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan labu kuning dan ubi jalar ungu terhadap sifat fisik es krim yaitu overrun dan kecepatan meleleh, serta es krim dengan penambahan labu kuning dan ubi jalar ungu yang paling disukai oleh panelis saat uji organoleptik. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan perlakuan susu skim dengan penambahan labu kuning (10%, 12,5%, 15%) dan ubi jalar ungu (10%, 12,5%, 15%), hasil penelitian diolah dengan menggunakan teknik analisis sidik ragam ANOVA dengan uji lanjut DMRT (Duncan Multiple Rate). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk sifat fisik pada es krim yaitu overrun terbaik dengan konsentrasi penambahan labu kuning 12,5% sebesar 23%, begitupun pada ubi jalar ungu dengan penambahan 12,5% sebesar 20,5%, sedangkan untuk kecepatan meleleh pada es krim terbaik dengan konsentrasi penambahn labu kuning 15% selama 41 menit, begitupun pada ubi jalar ungu dengan penambahan 15% selama 42 menit. Hasil uji organoleptik menyatakan untuk warna dan tekstur yang paling disukai panelis pada perlakuan C dengan penambahan labu kuning 15% sebesar 4,08% untuk warna, 3,71% untuk tekstur, dan perlakuan F dengan penambahan ubi jalar ungu 15% sebesar 4,03% untuk warna dan 3,75% untuk tekstur, pada aroma panelis menyukai perlakuan C dengan penambahan labu kuning 15% sebesar 3,87% dan perlakuan E dengan penambahan ubi jalar ungu 12.5% sebesar 3,81%, sedangkan pada rasa yang disukai oleh panelis terdapat pada perlakuan C dengan penambahan labu kuning 15% sebesar 3,84% dan perlakuan D dengan penambahan ubi jalar ungu 10% sebesar 4,12%.<br></p>
<p dir="ltr">Kata Kunci: labu kuning, ubi jalar ungu, es krim<br>
</p>
Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-41100786959451657482016-03-09T18:35:00.001-08:002016-03-09T18:35:52.659-08:00<p dir="ltr">Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mutu kimia dan hedonik dendeng ikan lele dumbo yng telah dikeringkan dengan berbagi variasi suhu pengering. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan suhu pengeringan yaitu 60oC, 65oC dan 70oC. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah kadar air, kadar protein, kadar lemak dan nilai hedonik dendeng ikan lele dumbo. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan jika berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut DMRT. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kadar protein dan kadar lemak terbaik sampel dendeng ikan lele dumbo dengan suhu pengering 65oC. Sementara itu, kadar air terendah terdapat pada perlakuan suhu pengering 70oC. Hasil pengujian hedonik menunjukkan perlakuan suhu pengeringan berpengaruh terhadap warna , tekstur dan rasa, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap aroma dari dendeng ikan lele dumbo yang dihasilkan. Perlakuan terbaik adalah dendeng ikan lele dumbo dengan suhu pengering 65oC dengan kadar protein 16,04%.<br>
</p>
Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-61154860980653797352016-01-29T21:22:00.003-08:002016-03-09T18:33:00.527-08:00Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mutu kimia dan hedonik dendeng ikan lele dumbo yng telah dikeringkan dengan berbagi variasi suhu pengering. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan suhu pengeringan yaitu 60oC, 65oC dan 70oC. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah kadar air, kadar protein, kadar lemak dan nilai hedonik dendeng ikan lele dumbo. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan jika berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut DMRT. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kadar protein dan kadar lemak terbaik sampel dendeng ikan lele dumbo dengan suhu pengering 65oC. Sementara itu, kadar air terendah terdapat pada perlakuan suhu pengering 70oC. Hasil pengujian hedonik menunjukkan perlakuan suhu pengeringan berpengaruh terhadap warna , tekstur dan rasa, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap aroma dari dendeng ikan lele dumbo yang dihasilkan. Perlakuan terbaik adalah dendeng ikan lele dumbo dengan suhu pengering 65oC dengan kadar protein 16,04%.
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<![endif]-->Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-72953136279507944852013-12-24T05:41:00.000-08:002013-12-24T05:41:13.976-08:00Effectiveness of a novel insect-repellent food packaging incorporating essential oils against the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">a b s t r a c t</span></div>
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<span style="height: 2px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 475px; z-index: -1;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="475" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">Packaging
represents a critical step in the food quality preservation and the ultimate
defence against insect pests. Cereal-based foods may be infested by insects
even during their packed life, i.e. during distribution, transportation and
storage in warehouses or in retail stores. Many studies in the last years have
concerned the development of active packaging with antioxidant and
antimicrobial action, but very few studies have addressed insect-repellent
packaging materials for foods. This work aimed at assessing the repellent ef</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">cacy
of novel functional packaging materials containing three essential oils:
citronella, oregano and rosemary. Re-pellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">lms
were chemically characterized by MHS-SPME-GC-MS. The results obtained from area
tests run in Petri dishes indicated that essential oils at concentrations
higher than 0.005 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 111%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">
showed potential in terms of repellent activities against the red </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">fl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 111%;">our
beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Assays performed with coated packages containing
wheat semolina showed repellency results ranging from 53 to 87% for citronella
and rosemary, respectively.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 111%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 122%;">Industrial
Relevance: The paper deals with the study carried out of several Essential Oils
as repellent for in-sects in packaged food. Rejection of packaged food caused
by insect pests is a great problem that affects the industry worldwide. Without
any doubt the prevention of insect attack from the packaging material without
affecting the packaged product is an environmentally friendly and economical
advantage. The indus-try is demanding this type of solutions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1. Introduction</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Insect infestations are the main cause of loss of
packed foodstuffs both in terms of direct damages or cost to preserve and
package food (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanlon, Kelsey, & Forcinio, 199</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">8</span>). The issue of sustainment of the world
population is generally considered in terms of the need to increase food
productions. However measures such as the safeguard of stored foods from insect
contamination could represent a solution for increasing food products
availability.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Cereal-based dry foods such as pasta, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">our,
cakes, rice and others may be subject to insect infestations. The attack to
packaged foods can occur during the production phases or in the following steps
of the distribution, such as transportation and storage in warehouses or in
retail stores. In any case, consumers frequently blame the man-ufacturers for
any occurring insect contamination, independently from their real involvement,
and the consequences on the image of the company can be severe (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hou, Field,
& Taylor, 200</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">4</span>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;"> worldwide
distributed in various climatic conditions (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Robertson</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>200</span></a>6</span>). The search for tools
to prevent infestations is crucial and current<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>solutions
involve the spraying of insecticides such as pyrethins and py-rethroids (e.g.
resmethrin, sumithrin, tetramethrin, permethrin) in the environment where dry
food is processed and packaged, after removing all food and utensils for food
contact. Stored products safeguard has long relied on the employment of
synthetic insecticidal molecules such as methyl bromide (MB) and phosphine as
fumigants but whose use has been restricted lately due to adverse effects on
the environment (e.g. ozone depletion caused by MB) and to pest resistance
develop-ment of certain species with reiterated phosphine treatments (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Shaaya</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kostjukovsky,
Eilberg, & Sukprakarn, 199</span></a>7</span>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">The theme of the interaction between insect pests
and packaged foods has been handled by several authors, who pointed out on the
abil-ity of insects to penetrate into packages (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Essig, Hoskins,
Linsley</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Michelbacher, & Smith, 1943;
Gerhardt & Lindgren, 1954; Gerhardt</span></a> & <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lindgren, 1955; Batth, 1970; Cline, 1978;
Langbridge, 197</span></a>0</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>and on<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>the resistance of various packaging materials to
insect attacks (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dominichini & Forti, 1975; Licciardello, Cocuzza,
Russo, & Muratore</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2010;
Sreenathan, Iyengar, Narasimhan, & Majumder, 196</span></a>0</span>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 118%;">Being consolidated that packaging represents a
critical point in the food quality preservation and the ultimate defence
against insect</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pests,
efforts should be paid not only towards the design of effective systems which
may retard the food quality decay, but also for the development of insect-proof
packages, able to resist to insects pene-tration and/or to repel their presence
from the food packages environment.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">During the last 10 years, new technologies for food
packaging have emerged and among them </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">active
packaging</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">
is one of the most prom-ising innovation. It consists of incorporating into the
packaging material active compounds useful for the food protection in terms of
antioxidant and/or antimicrobial effect. Several papers have been published
dealing with different proposals of active packaging (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Goñi et al.,
2009</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">;</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gutiérrez, Escudero, Batlle, &
Nerín, 2009; Gutiérrez, Sánchez, Batlle</span></a>, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>López, & Nerín, 2009; López, Sánchez,
Batlle, & Nerín, 2007a, 2007b</span></a>; <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rodríguez, Batlle, & Nerín, 2007, 200</span></a>8</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>but only a few commercial solu-tions are
available. Few papers in literature have dealt with the develop-ment of
insect-repellent packaging systems. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Highland & Merritt, 1973</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">;</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Highland, Simonaitis, & Boatright, 1984;
Highland & Cline, 198</span></a>6</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>pub-lished
the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">rst
attempts to reduce insects infestations by the use of repellent-treated
packaging materials. More recently, Hou et al. (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ho</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">u</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>et al., 200</span></a>4</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>proposed the use of DEET and Neem contained in paper,<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>Wong et al. (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wong, Signal,
Campion, & Motion, 200</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">5</span>)
addressed the use of citronella essential oil in a coating for carton packages,
whereas Germinara et al. (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Germinara, Conte, Lecce, Di Palma,
& Del Nobile</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>201</span></a>0</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>embedded propionic acid into corn zein and
policaprolactone.<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>Apart from the mentioned
papers, an in-depth survey only gave back a chapter on a book dedicated to
active packaging (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Navarro, Zehavi</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span>
<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Angel, & Finkelman, 200</span></a>7</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>another chapter focused on essential oils in<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>active packaging (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nerín, 201</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">2</span>) and a few US patents concerning the
de-velopment of slow-release repellent systems (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Calton, Siemer,
& Wood</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2001; Domb,
1993; Tucci & Dry, 200</span></a>0</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>while
two patents are known<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>to describe the
incorporation of insect repellents into paper-based packaging (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Radwan &
Allin, 1997; Whalon & Malloy, 199</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">8</span>).
The use of natural plant extracts in this application could facilitate
acceptance by food regulators as well as the general public.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
aim of the present work was to evaluate the repellent ef</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cacy
of citronella, oregano and rosemary essential oils against one of the most
common stored food pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Cole-optera,
Tenebrionidae), and to assess the effectiveness of a novel functional active
plastic material with repellent action containing the three essential oils.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2. Materials and
methods</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2.1. Essential
oils and repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lms</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), oregano (Origanum
vulgare) and rosemary (Rosmarinus of</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">cinalis)
essential oils (EO) were purchased from Gutiérrez SAS Matières Premières
Essentielles (Grasse Cedex, France). Such oils are GRAS (Generally Recognized
as Safe) according to <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">FDA (21CFR182.20</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">)</span>.
In the following the gross composition of test-ed essential oils is reported:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 12.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 9.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Citronella</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">oil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FDA:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 9.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 126.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">182.20.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Citronellal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>35 ÷ 40%;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">geraniol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">25 ÷ 30%;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 42.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="56">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">citronellol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">15 ÷ 20%, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">-limonene</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 37.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">5
÷ 10%;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">linalool</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="8">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 165.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="220">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">÷ 5%; farnesol 0 ÷ 5%</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 37.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Origanum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 131.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="175">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">oil. Carvacrol 75 ÷ 80%;
linalool</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 37.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">5
÷ 10%;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">thymol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 11.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 6.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="8">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 165.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="220">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">÷ 10%; </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">D-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">limonene 0 ÷ 5%</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 37.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 11.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 129%;">Rosemary oil. Beta pinene 10 ÷ 15%;
camphor 10 ÷ 15%; camphene 5 ÷ 10%. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; line-height: 129%;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 129%;">-Limonene
0 ÷ 5%; terpineol 0 ÷ 5%; linalool 0 ÷ 5%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 129%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">The formulations were suitably diluted for the
bioassays described hereafter.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%;">Repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%;">lms
were prepared by Artibal (Sabiñánigo, Spain) from corona-treated polypropylene
(30 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%;">m thickness), following a patent-ed
procedure (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">European Patent EP165718</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>). The coating included 4% (w/w) of the above-mentioned
essential oils. Each </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 96%;">lm was analysed</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 96%;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 116%;">for
the volatile composition and tested for the repellent effectiveness in the
bioassays described in the following after one-month storage in
aluminium-polyethylene hermetically sealed bags.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 116%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2.2. Insects</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">The unsexed adults of T. castaneum used in the
experiments were 2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">4 weeks post-eclosion
and were obtained from laboratory cultures maintained in incubators at 30 ± 1
°C and 70 ± 5% r.h. in the dark. The colonies had been cultured in laboratory
for over four years on wheat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">our mixed with 5%
brewer's yeast.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2.3. Volatile
composition of repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lms</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">A quantitative Multiple Headspace (MHS) SPME
analysis was performed according to the method described by Ezquerro et al. (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ezquerro, Pons, & Tena, 200</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">3</span>),
which is based on the multiple head-space extraction (MHE) method developed by <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kolb (1982</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">)</span>. This meth-od was previously applied for the
study of the diffusion of volatile compounds in plastic </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms
(<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Licciardello, Del Nobile, Spagna</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>& <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muratore, 2009; Licciardello, Muratore,
Mercea, Tosa & Nerín, 201</span></a>3</span>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MHS-SPME
involves various SPME extractions of the same sample, and the total amount of
the analyte can be calculated from the sum of the areas of the chromatograms
relative to each extraction. The total area can be easily calculated from the
following equation:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; mso-font-width: 74%;">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.5pt; mso-font-width: 78%;">A</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; mso-font-width: 78%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;">A</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-font-width: 90%;">T</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;">¼</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;">A</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-font-width: 90%;">i</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;">¼</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">ð</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 4.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 4.5pt;">−</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 4.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">−</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;">where:
A</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 93%;">T</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;">
is the total area relative to multiple extractions, A</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 93%;">i</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;">
is the area of the chromatographic peak relative to the i-th SPME extrac-tion),
A</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 93%;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;">
is the area relative to the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;">rst extraction, </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 93%;"> is a constant, and N is the total number of
extractions. The latter value can be calcu-lated from the slope of the plot
resulting from the following equation:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 93%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lnAi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">¼ ð</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">i </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">−</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> ln</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">þ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> lnA</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">ð</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 5.5pt;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">The </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">bre used was a
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">m,),
which gave the richest pro</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">les for basil and
rosemary essential oils in a previous work (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">López, Huerga,
Batlle, & Nerín, 200</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">6</span>). A
6.25 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 95%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;"> sample of each
functional </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">lm was incubated into 20-mL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">headspace
vials at 80 °C for</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">30 min and extracted at 80 °C
for</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">30 min.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pre-incubation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">extraction<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>temperature<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>times</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">resulted
from preliminary experiments which considered incubation and extraction
temperatures ranging from 60 to 80 °C and extraction time ranging from 15 to 35
minutes. After extraction, the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">bre was desorbed for 5
min into the GC injector set at 270 °C in splitless mode, the temperature of
the transfer line being set at 280 °C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%;">GC</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%;">MS analyses were
performed using an Agilent (Palo Alto, CA, USA) 6890 N GC equipped with a 5975B
mass detector, and a HP-5 MS (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%;">m </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 106%;">lm thickness) 5%
phenyl-methylsyloxane capillary column. The temperature program was as follows:
initial tem-perature 40 °C for 2 min, raised by 10 °C/min to 300 °C and 300 °C
for 2 min. The carrier gas was helium, 99.999% purity, supplied by Carburos
Metálicos (Barcelona, Spain). Samples were analyzed in a Combi-Pal autosampler
(CTC Analytics AG, Zwingen, Switzerland) coupled to the GC-MS, which allowed
analytical reproducibility and precision.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">Quanti</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">cation
of essential oil components was carried out by ex-ternal calibration, preparing
appropriate solutions of pure standards in the same organic coating used to
encapsulate the essential oils, and spiking virgin PP with suitable amounts
(microliters) of such so-lutions. The spiked </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">lms,
having the same size as the active </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">lm
sam-ples, were analyzed as above described.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="page3"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">F.
Licciardello et al. / Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 19
(2013) 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">175</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2.4. Bioassays
for the repellency of essential oils</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Preference area assays (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nerio,
Olivero-Verbel, & Stashenko, 2010</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">;</span>
<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ogendo et al., 200</span></a>8</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>were run to evaluate the repellent effect of
citro-nella, oregano and rosemary essential oils against T. castaneum,
com-monly referred to as the red </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">our
beetle.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">Filter paper disks (11 cm diameter) were cut in
halves, one half was treated with 0.5 mL of suitable dilutions of the essential
oils in acetone and the other half was impregnated with 0.5 mL of acetone alone
(con-trol). After solvent evaporation, disks were reconstituted in glass plates
(11 cm diameter) by coupling one half treated with the essential oils and one
half of control paper. Ten adults of T. castaneum were placed in the centre of
each plate. Two repellency tests were carried out at 25 °C and 70% RH with the
following essential oil concentrations:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Test#1: 0.001 and 0.01 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 78%;">Test#2: 0.005, 0.01 and
0.02 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 78%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 78%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 78%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 78%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 116%;">For each concentration and for each essential oil,
four replicates were performed. Insects were enumerated after 0.15, 0.30, 1 and
3 h and re-sults were expressed as percent repellency (R%), calculated as
follows:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 116%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">R%
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">¼ ð</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">C </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">−</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Þ=ð</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">C </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">þ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> T</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Þ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> 100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">where:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">number of insects in the control area;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">number of insects in the treated area</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2.5. Bioassays
for the effectiveness of repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lms</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;">Sachets sized 52.5 × 74.25 mm were prepared with
repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;">lms, with the coated side as the outer
side of packages, and</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;"> fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;">lled</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 112%;">with
25 g durum wheat semolina.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 112%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">For the preference tests, one sachet made with the
control </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">lm
and one made with the treated one were positioned at the sides of rigid
polyethylene white boxes (20 × 10 × 7 cm). Twenty adults of the red </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">our
beetle, unfeeded for 48 hours, were then released in the centre of the boxes,
and maintained in the dark until the end of the trial, carried out at 25 °C and
70% RH. A control trial was also performed, consisting of two semolina sachets
made with control </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">lm aimed at excluding
other factors than the essential oil on the in-sect behaviour. Each test was
carried out in triplicate.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 118%;">Boxes were checked after 2, 24 and 48 h, and the
percentage of re-pellency (R%) was calculated as aforementioned, with:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 118%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 129%;">C
= number of insects on the control package; T = number of in-sects on the
repellent package.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 129%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2.6. Statistical
analysis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 117%;">All data were submitted to one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc comparison of means was performed by the Tukey
test (p </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 117%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 117%;">
0.05) through the statistical package SPSS® Statistics 13.0 (Armonk, NY, USA).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 117%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">3. Results and
discussion</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">3.1. Volatile
composition of coated repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lms</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">A typical chromatogram of the PP </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">lm
coated with citronella EO (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">lm A) is shown in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig. </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>a. The MHS-SPME analysis was able to quantify 6
major compounds, as shown in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Table </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>:
citronellol, gerani-ol and their acetates, together with citronellal and
eugenol represent almost 50% of the total chromatographic area. Among the major
com-pounds, elemol and </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">δ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">-cadinene
were not quanti</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 102%;">ed as a commercial</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 102%;"></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 83%;">standard
was not available, while myrcene and trans-</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 83%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 83%;">-ocimene
did not follow the linear relationship ln Ai versus i-1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 83%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">A
typical chromatogram of B-type </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lm
B (PP coated with oregano EO) is shown in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig. </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>b.
The MHS-SPME analysis revealed the quanti-tative composition of linalool,
thymol, carvacrol and </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">-caryophyllene (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Table </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>), which represent more than 60% of the total
chromato-graphic area, carvacrol being the major compound characterizing this
EO, as shows <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Table </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
typical chromatogram of </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lm C (PP coated with
rosemary EO) is shown in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig. </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>c.
The MHS-SPME analysis could quantify 5 major compounds (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Table </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>), which represent almost 40% of the total
chro-matographic area. Among the major compounds, camphor could not be quanti</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ed
by the MHS-SPME technique, as it did not follow the lin-ear relationship ln Ai
vs i-1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">3.2. Repellency
of essential oils</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Preliminary bioassays of the repellent effect of
diluted EOs by the area preference tests (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig.</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>2) were carried out as a screening for the
ef-fectiveness of natural substances to be incorporated in functional
repel-lent packaging and for comparative purposes: this method is the most
widely used for the assessment of the repellency of natural substances.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">Test#1 (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page6"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig.</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>3a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">c) performed with two
EO concentration (0.01 e 0.001 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 101%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">)
showed a dose</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">response effect, with special regards
for citronella. For this oil, the repellency value reached 90 and 100% after 30
min-1 h in the trial performed with the highest concentration, and values below
50% in the trials at 0.001 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 101%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">.
Citronella EO showed in the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">rst hour of the test
signi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">cantly
higher repellency (p </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;"> 0.05) compared to the
other EOs. It has to be noted that the repellency values decreased after 3 h,
and this might be attributed to the loss of the essen-tial oils from the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">lter
paper by evaporation. Rosemary essential oil also showed a concentration effect
(p </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 101%;">
0.05), however at the lowest dilu-tion this oil seemed to exert an attractive
action, especially at the latest time intervals, as evidenced by the negative
R% values.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 101%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">Test#2 (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page6"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig.</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>4a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">c) was performed with
three EO concentration (0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 95%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">);
this test con</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">rmed the effect of concen-tration on the
insect response. As for Test#1, repellency decreased after 3 h, possibly due to
the essential oil evaporation from </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 95%;">lter
paper.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 95%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">All of the tested essential oils at concentrations
0.005</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">0.02
</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 86%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">
were effective at repelling T. castaneum in preference area tests, while a
lower concentration (0.001 </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">L/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 86%;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 86%;">)
was not satisfactorily effective or, in the case of rosemary, it showed an
attractive effect.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 86%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 114%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">The evaporation of the EOs from the paper support
was expected due to the fact that such volatiles compounds are not bound but
only absorbed on paper. Also, this is one of the main reasons why a special
formula is needed to incorporate EOs in packaging material, either in plastic
or in paper and board. Thus, the resulting active ma-terials would act as
reservoir of EO and the controlled kinetics of re-lease is the key point for
proposing them as commercial active materials with repellent properties versus
insects.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">3.3.
Effectiveness of the repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">lms
against the red </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">fl</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">our beetle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Two hours after the start of the trials, most of the
insects were found grouped close to the sachets made with the control </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lm,
while only 2 to 5 insects out of 20 were found on the treated sachet. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fig.</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>5 shows the per-cent repellency after 2, 24 and
48 h of semolina packages made with </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms
containing the tested essential oils. Values did not change signi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">-cantly
through the duration of the assays for oregano and citronella, while data
referred to rosemary essential oil are slightly higher after 24 and 48 h.
Repellency data for the control sachets were always signi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">-cantly
different (p </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;"> 0.05) from those referring to the
coated sachets and, among test materials, no signi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">cant
difference (p </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;"> 0.05) was ob-served. Insects tended to
locate behind the sachets (this is a typical be-havioural aspect of the
Tenebrionidae family) and in correspondence with the seal, which are known to
be the most vulnerable points of</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 127.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="page4"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">176</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">F. Licciardello
et al. / Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 19 (2013) 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="height: 880px; margin-left: 137px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 417px; z-index: -7;"><img height="880" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="417" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection5">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 91.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 7.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 321.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="428">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="page5"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">F.
Licciardello et al. / Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 19
(2013) 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 7.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 70.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">177</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="height: 399px; margin-left: 342px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 266px; z-index: -6;"><img height="399" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="266" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Table 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Quantitative
composition, by MHS-SPME-GC-MS, of coated</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">PP </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">lms (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">lm A = citronella
EO, 4% w/w; </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">lm B = oregano</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">EO, 4% w/w; </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">lm C = rosemary,
4% w/w).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="height: 2px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 238px; z-index: -5;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="238" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.05pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 16.05pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 2.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">μ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 9.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 9.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Film A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Citronellal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">134.22</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Citronellol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">40.78</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Geraniol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">94.90</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 8.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Citronellyl acetate</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">12.74</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Eugenol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">6.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Geranyl acetate</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">15.44</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Film B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Linalool</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">8.88</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Thymol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">10.65</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Carvacrol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">174.26</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="height: 8.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt;">-caryophyllene</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">95.58</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="height: 8.4pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 6.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Film C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.4pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">1,8 cineole</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">211.04</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Linalool</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">5.21</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="height: 8.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt;">-terpineol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">32.29</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="height: 8.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Carvacrol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">3.28</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="height: 8.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt;">-caryophyllene</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">318.92</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 108.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 2.35pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection6">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">packages.
Insects remained substantially in the same place chosen dur-ing the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">rst
2 hours throughout the duration of the trials. No attempt to pierce packages
was observed during the tests, however it is possible that a longer starvation
of insects could determine an increased aggres-siveness towards packages.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .15pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Repellency data relative to the control trials were
close to zero, as insects placed themselves randomly and choose one or another
pack-age indifferently. The fact that the histograms for the control are
neg-ative should be taken as a merely casual result.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .15pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">The observed repellency of essential oils in the
tests performed on </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lter paper and with
treated packages can be attributed to the essen-tial oils components. It has
been demonstrated that terpenoids pos-sess biological activity against several
post-harvest Coleoptera (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Weaver, Dunkel, Ntezurubaza, Jackson,
& Stock, 199</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>). In
particular, citronellol and trans-geraniol, which are key components of the
citro-nella EO, were found to have strong repellent effect on T. castaneum (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zhang et al., 201</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>). Also,
linalool, which is present in all of the tested EOs, has been demonstrated to
effectively repel T. castaneum in repel-lency tests carried out in
olfactometers (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ukeh & Umoetok, 201</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">1</span>). An-other study assessed the potential of 1,8
cineole, one of the most representative terpenoid in rosemary EO, against T.
castaneum (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lee</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">,</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Annis,
Tumaalii, & Choi, 200</span></a>4</span>). An interesting research by<span style="color: #00007c;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bekel</span></a>e
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Hassanali (2001)</span></a> </span>demonstrated<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>that single components of essen-tial oils do not
show comparable toxicity to the EO towards two stored food insects, but their
combinations do provide bioactivity: the mixtures allowed to select 1,8
cineole, limonene and camphor among the most powerful components.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 113%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Compared to the repellency data obtained in the
preliminary bio-assays conducted with essential oils on </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lter
paper, where the ef</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">ca-cy decreased
drastically after 3 hours from the beginning of the experiments, coated </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms
showed a durable ef</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">cacy, ranging around
60% for citronella- and oregano-based repellent packaging, and 87% for the
rosemary-based coated </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lm. The retention of
effectiveness is due to the bonding of essential oil to the packaging </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lm
by the coating matrix which, while immobilizing the essential oil preventing
its loss by evaporation, it guarantees a controlled release able to effectively
repel insects. As previous studies demonstrated this coated polymers</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%;">Fig.
2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%;">Detail
of a plate during the preference test for the evaluation of repellency. In</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 121%;">this
case, all of the ten insects are found on the control half and as far a
possible from the essential oil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 121%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">are
stable for at more than 4 months and in some cases the activity remains even
for more than one year (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page8"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nerín, 201</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">2</span>). Further studies should address the shelf life
of repellent packaging by the release ki-netics: indeed it is required that the
effectiveness of such systems is at least as long as the product shelf life.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">Finally, some studies (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Huang, Lam,
& Ho, 2000; Huang, Tan, Kini, </span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">&</span>
<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2384892743577628912#page7"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ho, 1997; Rozman, Kalinovic, & Korunic,
200</span></a>7</span>)<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>demonstrated that<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>T.<span style="color: #00007c;"> </span>castaneum
is less sensitive to some essential oils compared to Sitophilus spp., another
frequent stored food pest. Therefore, our promising results obtained with T.
castaneum let hypothesize an even stronger ef</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">cacy
of the essential oils object of this research and of the repellent packaging </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 114%;">lms
on other pest species.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 114%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">4. Conclusion</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">Repellency for coated </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms
ranging from 53 to 87% is to be considered a very promising result and
encourage the study and application of repel-lent packaging materials for the
safeguard of packaged foods and the reduction of packaged food losses due to
insect attacks. Data obtained from the bioessays on </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lter
paper supplied tentative information on T. castaneum response to citronella,
oregano and rosemary essential oils, which were completed by the results coming
from the tests run with coated </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms. The development of
insect-repellent packaging should take into account that high doses might be
required, with possible effects on the sensory quality of the produce, hence it
is necessary to orient the diffusion of active components towards the outside
of packages. This</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">Fig.
1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">c.
Typical chromatograms relative to the MHS-SPME analysis of the coated PP</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;"> fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">lm.
(a):</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">
fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">lm
A (citronella EO). 1) Myrcene; 2)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Pinene; 3) trans-</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Ocimene;
4) Linalool;</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">5) allo-Ocimene; 6) Citronellal; 7)
Isopulegol; 8) Citronellol; 9) Geraniol; 10) Geranial; 11) Thymol; 12)
Carvacrol; 13) Citronellyl acetate; 14) Nerol; 15) Eugenol; 16) Geranyl
acetate; 17) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Elemene; 18) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">δ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cadinene; 19) Elemol; 20) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">γ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Eudesmol; 21) t-Cadinol; 22) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Eudesmol; 23) Germacrene; 24) trans-</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Farnesene; 25) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cubebene;
26) cis-</span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Bisabolene; 27) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cubebene; 28) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Amorphene;
29) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cadinene; 30) 1S,cis-Calamenene;
31) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cadinene. (b): </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">lm
B (oregano EO). 1) Limonene; 2) Camphor; 3) endo-Borneol; 4) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Terpineol; 5) Thymol; 6) Carvacrol; 7) Camphene; 8)
Eugenol 9) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Caryophyllene; 10) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Humulene; 11) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">δ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cadinene;
12) Caryophyllene oxide; 13) t-Cadinol. (c) </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">lm
C (rosemary EO). 1) 1,8-Cineole; 2) Linalool; 3) Camphor; 4) Endo-borneol; 5) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Terpineol; 6) Bornyl acetate; 7) Thymol; 8)
Carvacrol; 9) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cubebene; 10) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Ylangene; 11) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Copaene;
12) Isocaryophyllene; 13) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">β</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Caryophyllene;
14) Aromadendrene; 15) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Humulene;
16) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">α</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Amorphene; 17) </span><span style="font-family: Gabriola; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%; mso-bidi-font-family: Gabriola;">δ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.0pt; line-height: 89%;">-Cadinene; and 18) 1S,cis-Calamenene.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 89%;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="page6"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">178</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">F. Licciardello
et al. / Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 19 (2013) 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 52.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 52.0pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 8.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="11">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Repellency </span></a>%</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 99%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 146.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 99%;"><img border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="10" /><img border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15 min</span></a>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 99%;"><img border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="10" /><img border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30 min<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60 min</span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 99%;"><img border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="10" /><img border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>180 mi</span></a>n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 99%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 81%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 81%;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 81%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-2</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-4</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-6</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-8</span></a>0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 2.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 53.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 39.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 85%;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.00</span></a>1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 23.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.0</span></a>1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.00</span></a>1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 23.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.0</span></a>1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="67">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.00</span></a>1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 64.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="85">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.0</span></a>1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 15.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 5.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Citronell</span></a>a</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 49.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 91%;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oregan</span></a>o</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="67">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 64.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="85">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 18.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rosemar</span></a>y</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 211.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/image%20of%20Fig.%C2%A03"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">µ</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">L/cm</span></a></span></b><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2</span></sup></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 41.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Fig.
3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Repellent
effect, as repellency %, of citronella (a), oregano (b) and rosemary (c)
essential oils,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Test#1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection10">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 52.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 52.0pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 9.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="12">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Repellency %</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 62.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-font-width: 93%;">100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 1.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 275.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="367">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 84.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15 min<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30 min<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>60 min<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>180 min</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 6.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 5.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 5.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 1.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 5.95pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 78.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 1.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 4.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 275.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="367">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.55pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -2;"><span style="height: 388px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -20px; width: 641px;"><img height="388" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" width="641" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">80</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">60</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 99%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 99%;">40</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 99%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 470.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">-20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 3.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 35.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 8.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-font-width: 94%;">0.005</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 21.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.01</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 14.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.02</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.005</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 19.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.01</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.02</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="67">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 8.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.005</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 21.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.01</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 9.45pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">0.021</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Citronella</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="68">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 62.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="83">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 8.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Oregano</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 50.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="67">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 65.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="87">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 6.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;">Rosemary</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 17.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="41">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection11">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">µ</span><b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif";">L/cm</span></b><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">2</span></sup></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection12">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Fig. 4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Repellent effect,
as repellency %, of citronella (a), oregano (b) and rosemary (c) essential
oils,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">Test#2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection13">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.15pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 49.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 49.0pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 9.2pt;" valign="bottom" width="12">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">% repellency</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-column-break-before: always; mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 1.0pt;"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 25.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 7.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 321.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="428">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">F. Licciardello
et al. / Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 19 (2013) 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 7.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 70.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="93">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">179</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg" width="6" /><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Citronella<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg" width="6" /><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oregano<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg" width="6" /><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rosemary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg" width="6" /><img border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Control</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -1;"><span style="height: 232px; left: 32px; position: absolute; top: -7px; width: 402px;"><img height="232" src="file:///C:\Users\ICCANB~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg" width="402" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">100.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 8.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 8.05pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 119.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="159">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 96.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">80.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.05pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.05pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 8.05pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 119.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="159">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 96.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">60.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 119.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="159">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 96.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">40.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">20.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">0.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">24</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">48</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;">-20.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-font-width: 90%;">-40.00</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">time
(h)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;">Fig. 5. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;">Repellency of semolina packages
made with coated PP</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;"> fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;">lms, compared with
packages realized with control PP, against</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;">Tribolium
castaneum, in a preference test carried out</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 117%;">with
20 adult insects.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 117%;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">could
be attained by coupling active </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms, as outer layers,
with materials having barrier properties to volatiles, as inner layers.
Moreover, the breakdown of active components in the repellent </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms
might occur, re-ducing their effectiveness with time, and innovative techniques
of immobilisation (nanocomposite materials, microencapsulation, use of
beta-cyclodextrins) could extend effectiveness for several years. Finally, it
should be taken into consideration that repellent packages would re-duce the
incidence of exogenous infestations and can only be synergistic with hygienic
prevention measures, since they have no effect on insects already present in
the packaged produce at any life stage. The widespread of repellent packaging
is currently limited by the lack of scienti</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">c
studies, therefore this work should encourage further investigation considering
active substances, doses, modes of application and target insects. The adoption
of repellent packaging could reduce the recourse to thick pack-aging </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">lms,
which ensure a certain level of prevention against insects at-tacks to
packages, and help </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 113%;">ght overpackaging (i.e.
the use of higher volumes of plastic than strictly necessary). The potential of
essential oils could be the answer to the current search for environmental and
health-friendly solutions for the safeguard of foods. If packaging is the last
frontier against insect pests, then repellent packaging might repre-sent the
ultimate weapon for producers and consumers against pests at-tacks to packages.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 113%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Acknowledgement</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The authors acknowledge the company Artibal for
supplying the active polymers. Thanks are given to Gobierno de Aragon and Fondo
Social Europeo for the </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nancial help through
the GUIA group T-10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">References</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Bekele, A. J., &
Hassanali, A. (2001). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf9015"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Blend effects in the toxicity of the essential oil
con</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf9015"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> stituents of
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Calton, G. J., Siemer,
S. R., & Wood, L. L. (2001). Slow release insect repellents. U.S. Patent
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Cline, L. D. (1978). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0015"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Penetration of seven common</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fl</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">exible packaging materials by larva</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">e</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0015"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and adults of eleven species of stored product
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 107%;">Dominichini, G., &
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Essig, E. O., Hoskins, W. M., Linsley, E. G.,
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<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0025"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>report on the penetration of packaging
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Ezquerro, O., Pons, B., & Tena, M. T. (2003). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0030"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Multiple headspace solid-phase microextractio</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">n</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0030"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for the quantitative determination of volatile
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 105%;">Gerhardt, P. D., & Lindgren, D. L. (1954). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0035"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Penetration of various packaging</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lms by com</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0035"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> mon
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 105%;">Gerhardt, P. D., & Lindgren, D. L. (1955). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0040"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Penetration of additional packaging</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lms b</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">y</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0040"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>common stored-product insects. Journal of
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Germinara, G. S., Conte, A., Lecce, L., Di Palma,
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<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0045"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>acid in bio-based packaging to prevent
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<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0050"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oils. Food Chemistry, 116, 983</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">987</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fl</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">avours in active packaging </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lms. Journal of Agricultural and Foo</span></a>d <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0055"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chemistry, 57, 8564</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8571</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 105%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 110%;">Gutiérrez, L., Sánchez, C., Batlle, R., López, P.,
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Highland, H. A., & Cline, L. D. (1986). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0070"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Resistance to insect penetration of food pouche</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">s</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0070"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>made of untreated polyester or
permethrin-treated polypropylene </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lm. Journal o</span></a>f
<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0070"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Economic Entomology, 79, 527</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">529</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Highland, H. A., & Merritt, P. H. (1973). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0075"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Synthetic pyrethroids as package treatments t</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">o</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0075"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prevent insect penetration. Journal of
Economic Entomology, 66, 540</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">541</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 110%;">Highland, H. A., Simonaitis, R. A., & Boatright,
R. (1984). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0080"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Insecticide-treated</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lm wra</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">p</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0080"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to protect small packages from infestation.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 77</span></a>, <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0080"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1269</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1274</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 110%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Hou, X., Field, P., & Taylor, W. (2004). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0085"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The effect of repellents on penetration into pack</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0085"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> aging by
stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 40, 47</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">54</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Huang, Y., Lam, S. L., & Ho, S. H. (2000). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0205"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bioactivities of essential oils from</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Elletari</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">a</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0205"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cardamomum (L.) to Sitophilus zeamais
Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneu</span></a>m <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0205"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Herbst). Journal of Stored Products Research,
36, 107</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">117</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Huang, Y., Tan, J., Kini, R. M., & Ho, S. H.
(1997). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0090"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Toxic and antifeedant action of nutme</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">g</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0090"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oil against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and
Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Journal o</span></a>f <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0090"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stored Products Research, 33, 289</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">298</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Kolb, B. (1982). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0095"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Multiple headspace extraction</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">—</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A procedure for eliminating the in</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fl</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">u</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0095"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> ence of the
sample matrix in quantitative headspace gas chromatography</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0095"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chromatographia, 15(9), 587</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">594</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Langbridge, D. M. (1970). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0100"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Treatment of paper to protect packaged food from
insect at</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0100"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> tack. Appita
Journal, 24, 45</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">51</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Lee, B. H., Annis, P. C., Tumaalii, F., & Choi,
W. S. (2004). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0105"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fumigant toxicityof essentia</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">l</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0105"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oils from the Myrtaceae family and 1,8-cineole
against 3 major stored-grain in</span></a>-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0105"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> sects. Journal
of Stored Products Research, 40, 553</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">564</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 107%;">Licciardello, F., Cocuzza, G. E., Russo, A., &
Muratore, G. (2010). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0110"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Quality maintenanc</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">e</span>
<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0110"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>performance and resistance to Tribolium
castaneum and Plodia interpunctella pene</span></a>-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0110"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> tration of an
alternative packaging material for semolina. Italian Journal of Food Sci</span></a>-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0110"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> ence, 22(4),
461</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">466</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 127.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="page8"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">F. Licciardello
et al. / Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 19 (2013) 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;">180</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Licciardello, F., Del Nobile, M. A., Spagna, G.,
& Muratore, G. (2009). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0210"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Scalping o</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">f</span>
<span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0210"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ethyloctanoate and linalool from a model wine
into plastic </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lms. LWT- Food Scienc</span></a>e <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0210"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Technology, 42, 1065</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1069</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Licciardello, F., Muratore, G., Mercea, P., Tosa,
V., & Nerín, C. (2013). Diffusional behaviour of essential oil components
in active packaging polypropylene </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">fi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">lms
by Multiple Head-Space-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography
(MHS-SPME-GC-MS). Packaging Technology and Science, 26, 173</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">–</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">185.
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1969"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.196</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">9</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">López, P., Huerga, M. A., Batlle, R., & Nerín,
C. (2006). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0115"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Use of solid phase microextractio</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">n</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0115"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in diffusive sampling of the atmosphere
generated by different essential oils</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0115"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Analytica Chimica Acta, 559, 97</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">104</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">López, P., Sánchez, C., Batlle, R., & Nerín, C.
(2007a). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0120"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Development of</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fl</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">exible antimicro</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0120"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> bial </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lms using essential oils as active agents. Journal of
Agricultural and Foo</span></a>d <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0120"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chemistry, 55(21), 8814</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8824</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">López, P., Sánchez, C., Batlle, R., & Nerín, C.
(2007b). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0125"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vapor-phase activities of cinna</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0125"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> mon, thyme and
oregano essential oils and key constituents against food-born</span></a>e <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0125"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>microorganisms. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry, 55(11), 4348</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4356</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Navarro, S., Zehavi, D., Angel, S., & Finkelman,
S. (2007). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0240"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Natural nontoxic insect repel</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">-<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0240"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> lent packaging
materials. Taylor and Francis. In C. L. Wilson (Ed.), Intelligent an</span></a>d
<a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0240"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Active Packaging for Fruits and Vegetables
(pp. 336). New York, USA: CRC Press</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Nerín, C. (2012). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0245"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Essential Oils In Active Packaging.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chapter 17 in
the book</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">“</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Essential Oil</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">s</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0245"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as Natural Food Additives: Composition,
Applications, Antioxidant and Antimicrobia</span></a>l <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0245"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Properties. In Luca Valgimigli (Ed.), : Nova
Science Inc9781621002413</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 106%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.95pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; line-height: 106%;">Nerio, L. S., Olivero-Verbel, J., & Stashenko,
E. E. (2010). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0130"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Repellent activity of essentia</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">l</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0130"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oils: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101,
372</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">378</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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Matasyoh, J. C., Deng, A. L., Omolo, E. O., et al. (2008). <a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0230"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bioactivity of</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ocimum gratissimum</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">L. oil and two
constituents against</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fi</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ve insec</span></a><span style="color: #00007c;">t</span> <span style="color: #00007c;"><a href="http://refhub.elsevier.com/S1466-8564(13)00081-7/rf0230"><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pests attacking stored food products. Journal
of Stored Products Research, 44, 328</span><span style="color: #00007c; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">–</span><span style="color: #00007c; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">334</span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%;"></span></div>
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Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-23219132006543826352013-12-03T19:00:00.000-08:002013-12-03T19:00:22.767-08:00laporan sistem industri pertanian <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
1</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LATAR
BELAKANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kepentingan fieldtrip </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ke
industri </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tujuan yang akan dicapai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">praktikum mata perkuliahan sistem
informasi manajemen mahasiswa diberi kesempatan untuk melakukan fieldtrip.
Fieldtrip merupakan salah satu kegiatan praktikum yang langsung terjun ke
lapangan. Mahasiswa diberikan kesempatan untuk mengunjungi ke suatu tempat
usaha industri <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bergerak dibidang
agroindustri. Perusahaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dikunjungi
yaitu PT.indofood, Pt bantimurung indah dan ptpn pg camming .Adapun kepentingan
dari fieldtrip ke perusahaan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana perusahaan
menggunakan sistem informasi dalam mengelola perusahaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang diterapkan oleh PT.indofood, Pt
bantimurung indah dan ptpn pg camming ini dalam memproduksi produk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berkualitas, dari mulai pengolahan bahan
baku , proses produksi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta pengawasan
mutu bdari produknya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">informasi yang dimiliki seringkali
tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Masalah utamanya adalah bahwa sistem informasi
tersebut terlalu banyak informasi yang tidak bermanfaat atau berarti (sistem
terlalu banyak data). Memahami konsep dasar informasi adalah sangat penting
(vital) dalam mendesain sebuah sistem informasi yang efektif (effective
business system). Menyiapkan langkah atau metode dalam menyediakan informasi
yang berkualitas adalah tujuan dalam mendesain sistem baru. Sebuah perusahaan
mengadakan transaksi-transaksi yang harus diolah agar bisa menjalankan
kegiatannya sehari-hari.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di dalam sebuah perusahaan yang
sangat penting untuk mendukung kelangsungan perkembangannya, sehingga terdapat
alasan bahwa informasi sangat dibutuhkan bagi sebuah perusahaan. Akibat bila
kurang mendapatkan informasi, dalam waktu tertentu perusahaan akan mengalami
ketidak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mampuan mengontrol sumber daya,
sehingga dalam mengambil keputusan-keputusan strategis sangat terganggu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami
konsep dasar informasi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di
suatu industry </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menginterpretasikan ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mampuan
mengontrol sumber daya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
dengan system informasi menajemen di suatu industry.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengetahui perangkat-perangkat informasi di suatu
industry.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERMASALAHAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya pemahaman </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tentang konsep dasar informasi di suatu industry</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Masih
kurangnya kemampuan untuk menginterpensi sumber daya dengan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sisitem informasi yang ada dalam sustu
industry. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesulitan dalam menjelaskan strategi
sistem informasi manajemen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
dan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perangkat-perangkatnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">METODOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu dan Tempat</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kunjunga industry ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
berlangsung 2 hari yaitu:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari Pertama </span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari/tanggal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Rabu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maret 2013 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PT Indofood
Sukses Makmur Tbk (Makassar) dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PT Bantimurung Indah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Maros)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hari Kedua</span></i></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari/tanggal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kamis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14 maret
2013 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PTP
NUSANTARA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PG.
Camming (bone)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode Kerja</span></b></div>
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<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Metode pe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ncarian data</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> yang digunakan adalah metode</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">tanya jawab dan kunjungan lapangan langsung </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Metode tanya jawab <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
pencarian fakta, dengan interpretasi yang tepat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">dalam hal ini pengumpulan
fakta-fakta mengenai </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">sisitem
informasi manajemen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> yang di terapkan pada suatu perusahaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> apakah
sesuai dengan yang diharapkan atau tidak kemudian apakah seorang manajer tepat
dalam pengambilan keputusan baik dalam penerimaan tenaga kerja/karyawan, dalam
pembinaan tenaga kerja/karyawan ataupun dalam pelayanan kenyamanan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">dengan informasi yang mereka dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">melaui cara mewawancarai/bertanya
secara langsung tentang permasalahan yang sebelumnya ingin diketahui. Setelah
kegiatan tanyajawab dilakukan maka diteruskan dengan melihat secara langsung
kondisi yang ada di lapangan apakah sudah sesuai atau belum dengan apa yang
diharapkan dan terakhir pengumpulan data untuk selanjutnya dibuatkan dalam
bentuk laporan kunjungan lapangan (fiel trip).</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jenis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">kegiatan pencarian data mengenai manajemen personalia</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> yang dilakukan adala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">h </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">bertujuan
untuk memberikan gambaran secara mendetail tentang latar belakang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
perusahaan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">dan
penerapan manajemen personalia yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan tersebut</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, ataupun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">cara yang dilakukan oleh suatu perusahaan dalam
menghandel karyawan atau tenaga kerja.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III <a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PT INDOFOOD SUKSES MAKMUR TBK</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah
</span></b></div>
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PT
Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur merupakan salah satu perusahaan mie instant dan
makanan olahan terkemuka di Indonesia yang menjadi salah satu cabang perusahaan
yang dimiliki oleh Salim <i>Group</i>. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Pada
awalnya, PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. adalah perusahaan yang bergerak
dibidang pengolahan makanan dan minuman yang didirikan pada tahun 1971.
Perusahaan ini mencanangkan suatu komitmen untuk menghasilkan produk makanan
bermutu, aman, dan halal untuk dikonsumsi. Aspek kesegaran, higienis, kandungan
gizi, rasa, praktis, aman, dan halal untuk dikonsumsi senantiasa menjadi
prioritas perusahaan ini untuk menjamin mutu produk yang selalu prima. Akhir
tahun 1980, PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. mulai bergerak di pasar
Internasional dengan mengekspor mi instan ke beberapa negara ASEAN, Timur
Tengah, Hongkong, Taiwan, China, Belanda, Inggris, Jerman, Australia, dan
negara-negara di Afrika. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
PT
Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. Cabang Bandung didirikan pada bulan Mei 1992 dengan
nama PT Karya Pangan Inti Sejati yang merupakan salah satu cabang dari <i>PT
Sanmaru Food Manufcturing Company Ltd. </i>yang berpusat di Jakarta dan mulai
beroperasi pada bulan Oktober 1992. Pada saat itu jumlah karyawan yang ada
sebanyak 200 orang yang dibagi menjadi dua shift dan memiliki peralatan
produksi sebanyak 3 <i>line. </i>Setiap <i>line </i>mempunyai kapasitas
produksi sebanyak 18.000 <i>pcs</i>/jam, pada tahun 1993 penggunaan mesin
meningkat menjadi 8 <i>line </i>dan pada tahun 1994 meningkat menjadi 10 <i>line
</i>mesin. Sampai saat ini telah beroprasi 14 <i>line</i>. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Pada
tahun 1994, terjadi penggabungan beberapa anak perusahaan yang berada di
lingkup Indofood Group, sehingga mengubah namanya menjadi PT Indofood Sukses
Makmur Tbk. yang khusus bergerak dalam bidang pengolahan mie instan. Divisi mie
instan merupakan divisi terbesar di Indofood dan pabriknya tersebar di 15 kota,
diantaranya Medan, Pekanbaru, Palembang, Tangerang, Lampung, Pontianak, Manado,
Semarang, Surabaya, Banjarmasin, Makasar, Cibitung, Jakarta, Bandung dan Jambi,
sedangkan cabang tanpa pabrik yaitu Solo, Bali dan Kendari. Hal ini bertujuan
agar produk yang dihasilkan cukup didistribusikan ke wilayah sekitar kota
dimana pabrik berada, sehingga produk dapat diterima oleh konsumen dalam
keadaan segar serta membantu program pemerintah melalui pemerataan tenaga kerja
lokal. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Adanya
permintaan yang semakin meningkat menyebabkan PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk.
mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas produksi dengan mendirikan
pabrik II pada September 2007 dengan jumlah produksi 2 <i>line </i>yang
memiliki kapasitas 2 kali lebih besar dibandingkan kapasitas mesin produksi
yang terdapat di pabrik I. Pada akhir tahun 2008 PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk.
memproduksi <i>copack </i>seperti Pop Mi dengan mengganti salah satu <i>line </i>Pabrik
I dengan mesin yang dapat memproduksi <i>copack</i>. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Produk
yang dihasilkan kelima belas pabrik tersebut telah terstandarisasi secara
menyeluruh, diantaranya bahan baku, parameter proses, mesin/peralatan, <i>manpower
</i>(tenaga kerja), dan barang jadi. Standarisasi yang berlaku di semua pabrik
tersebut telah disertifikasi oleh SGS melalui sertifikasi <i>International
Standard Operation </i>(ISO) termasuk PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. Selain itu
PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. juga memiliki Sertifikat <i>Hazard Analysis
Critical Control Point </i>(HACCP) dan Sertifikat halal yang berlaku untuk
semua produk internasional. Pada 21 Maret 1998 PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk.
memperoleh sertifikat manajemen mutu ISO versi 9001 yang diserahkan di Jakarta
pada 3 Maret 1999. Kemudian pada 5 Februari 2004 PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk.
diperoleh sertifikasi ISO 9001:2000 (ISO 9001 versi 2000) dari badan akreditasi
SGS <i>International of Indonesia</i>. Hal ini ditunjukan melalui slogan yang
terdapat pada logo Indofood “<i>The Symbol of Quality Foods</i>” atau “Lambang
Makanan Bermutu” yang mengandung konsekuensi hanya produk bermutulah yang
dihasilkan. Produk bermutu tidak hanya dibuat dari bahan baku pilihan, tetapi
diproses secara higienis dan memenuhi unsur kandungan gizi dan halal. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
PT
Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. memiliki orientasi pasar, dimana produksi yang
dilakukan oleh perusahaan disesuaikan dengan permintaan pasar. Perusahaan
selalu berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen, baik dalam kuantitas maupun
kualitas produk. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan selalu mengembangkan inovasi guna
memenuhi kepuasan pelanggan, khususnya selera konsumen. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Produk
yang dihasilkan PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. divisi mi instan terdiri dari 2
kelompok besar yaitu : </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 15.15pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i>Bag Noodle, </i>yaitu mie instan dalam
kemasan bungkus; dan </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 15.15pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mie telor, yaitu mi yang dalam proses
pembuatannya tidak digoreng melainkan dikeringkan. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 15.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Karakteristik perusahaan dalam melakukan kegiatan
produksi yang dimiliki PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. yakni bersifat <i>mass
production</i>, yaitu jenis barang yang diproduksi relatif sedikit tetapi
dengan volume produksi yang besar, permintaan produk tetap/stabil demikian juga
desain produk jarang sekali berubah bentuk dalam jangka waktu pendek atau
menengah. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Disamping
produksi PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. pun turut memperhatikan pemasaran
produk sehingga memungkinkan perusahaan untuk semakin berkembang. Berbgai cara
kegiatan promosi dilakukan, seperti <i>advertising </i>(periklanan) baik itu di
media cetak maupun media elektronik dan papan-papan reklame. Sedangkan kegiatan
<i>sales promotion </i>meliputi pembagian hadiah baik secara langsung maupun
tidak langsung melalui undian-undian berhadiah.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Pemasaran
mi instan di PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. Bandung dibagi kedalam dua wilayah
pemasaran. Wilayah pemasaran I meliputi Bandung, Purwakarta, dan Sukabumi.
Sedangkan untuk wilayah pemasaran II meliputi Tasikmalaya, Garut, Cirebon, dan
Jati Barang. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Tujuan
didirikannya PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. Bandung adalah (1) memperluas
bidang usaha secara terus menerus melalui bidang usaha internal maupun
pengembangan usaha strategis; (2) mengurangi biaya transportasi; (3) selalu
meningkatkan kesejahteraan karyawan; (4) mensuplai daerah lain yang selalu
kekurangan persediaan barang; dan (5) berperan serta dalam pelestarian
lingkungan hidup dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kultur
perusahaan ini dikenal dengan nama “<i>CONSISTENT</i>” (<i>Consumer,
Innovation, Staff, Excellence, and Team Work</i>). Sumber kekuatan dalam
menghadapi tantangan ini bisa dilihat dari sisi konsumen, inovasi, karyawan,
keunggulan produk dan kerjasama tim. Maksud dari akronim “<i>CONSISTENT</i>”
adalah keberhasilan perusahaan tergantung kepada kepuasan pelanggan, inovasi
merupakan kunci pertumbuhan di masa depan, staff yang handal merupakan aset
terbesar perusahaan, kesempurnaan adalah pandangan hidup perusahaan, dan
kerjasama tim menjadikan perusahaan ini sebagai pemenang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan
Antara Sistem Informasi Dengan Strategi Bisnis PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para
eksekutif perusahaan secara bersama dapat memperoleh penjelasan mengenai
pengaruh yang mungkin terjadi pada sistem informasi dunia dalam strategi
bisnis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap perusahaan membentuk suatu tim pemasaran yang berguna
untuk mencari informasi sebanyak-banyaknya untuk pengembangan suatu produk yang
akan dipasarkan, setiap informasi yang didapat akan di proses untuk dikelolah
menjadi suatu data yang valid, dari hasil pengolahan data inilah yang nantinya
akan menjadi acuan atau pedoman perusahaan agar sirklus pemasaran produk lebih
stabil dan berkelanjutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memahami
masing-masing unit usaha dalam strategi bisnis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap informasi akan mempengaruhi suatu kebijakan yang akan
di ambil oleh manajemen pemasaran, dengan memahami masing-masing unit usaha
atau perusahaan maka akan lebih mudah menentukan strategi apa saja yang akan
dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menentukan
siasat sistem informasi yang tepat untuk masing-masing unit strategi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menentukan pemasaran maka perlu menentukan siasat
sistem informasi yang tepat terhadap perusahaan, setelah mensiasati informasi
yang mana saja cocok setiap unit usaha barulah bisa menentukan strategi yang
akan dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengenali
pentingnya aplikasi untuk mencapai masing-masing siasat sistem informasi dan
memprioritaskan penerapannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan data berbasis informasi sebaiknya dilakukan
dengan cermat, maka dari itu perlunya suatu program atau aplikasi sebagai suatu
bahan penunjang ketepatan dalam perhitungan maupun pengelolaan data, dalam
pemilihan program atau aplikasi yang akan digunakan setiap penerapan yang
dilakukan harus diprioritaskan pada kebutuhan dalam pencapaian sistem informasi
manajemen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapakan
tanggung jawab untuk menerapkan aplikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap aplikasi yang akan diterapkan harus tepat dan dapat
di pertanggung jawabkan, karena salah penerapan aplikasi akan berpengaruh terhadap
kevalid-an suatu data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa kegunaan/fungsi sistem
informasi antara lain adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan aksesibilitas data yang
tersaji secara tepat waktu dan akurat bagi para pemakai, tanpa mengharuskan
adanya prantara sistem informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjamin tersedianya kualitas dan
keterampilan dalam memanfaatkan sistem informasi secara kritis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan proses perencanaan yang
efektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi kebutuhan-kebutuhan
akan keterampilan pendukung sistem informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan investasi yang akan diarahkan
pada sistem informasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengantisipasi dan memahami
konsekuensi-konsekuensi ekonomis dari sistem informasi dan teknologi baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbaiki produktivitas dalam aplikasi
pengembangan dan pemeliharaan sistem.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisasi menggunakan sistem informasi
untuk mengolah transaksi-transaksi, mengurangi biaya dan menghasilkan
pendapatan sebagai salah satu produk atau pelayanan mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bank menggunakan sistem informasi untuk
mengolah cek-cek nasabah dan membuat berbagai laporan rekening koran dan
transaksi yang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan menggunakan sistem informasi
untuk mempertahankan persediaan pada tingkat paling rendah agar konsisten
dengan jenis barang yang tersedia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIM untuk Pendukung Pengambilan
Keputusan Sebuah sistem keputusan, yaitu model dari sistem dengan mana
keputusan diambil, dapat tertutup atau terbuka. Sebuah sistem keputusan
tertutup menganggap bahwa keputusan dipisah dari masukkan yang tidak diketahui
dari lingkungan. Dalam sistem ini pengambil keputusan dianggap:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
semua perangkat alternatif dan semua akibat atau hasilnya masing-masing,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki
metode (aturan, hubungan, dan sebagainya) yang memungkinkan dia membuat urutan
kepentingan semua alternatif,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih
alternatif yang memaksimalkan sesuatu, misalnya laba, volume penjualan, atau
kegunaan. Konsep sebuah sistem keputusan tertutup jelas menganggap orang
rasional yang secara logis menguji semua alternatif, mengurutkan berdasarkan
kepentingan hasilnya, dan memilih alternatif yang membawa kepada hasil yang
terbaik/maksimal. Model kuantitatif pengambilan keputusan biasanya adalah model
sistem keputusan tertutup. Sebuah sistem keputusan terbuka memandang keputusan
sebagai berada dalam suatu lingkungan yang rumit dan sebagian tak diketahui.
Keputusan dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan dan pada gilirannya proses keputusan
kemudian mempengaruhi lingkungan. Pengambilan keputusan dianggap tidak harus
logis dan sepenuhnya rasional, tetapi lebih banyak memperlihatkan rasionalitas
hanya dalam batas yang dikemukakan oleh latar belakang, pandangan atas alternatif,
kemampuan menangani suatu model keputusan, dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIM Berdasarkan Aktivitas/Kegiatan
Manajemen, Kegiatan dan proses informasi untuk tiga tingkat adalah saling
berhubungan. Contohnya pengendalian inventaris pada tingkatan operasional bergantung
pada proses yang tepat dari transaksi; pada tingkat dari pengendalian
manajemen, pembuatan keputusan tentang keamanan persediaan dan frekuensi
memesan lagi bergantung pada pembetulan ringkasan dari hasil operasi-operasi;
pada tingkat strategi, hasil dalam operasi-operasi dan pengendalian manajemen
yang dihubungkan pada tujuan-tujuan strategi, saingan tindak tanduk dan
sebagainya untuk mencapai strategi inventaris. Tampaknya terdapat kontras tajam
antara ciri-ciri informasi untuk perencanaan pengendalian dan taktis berada di
tengahnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Informasi Untuk Pengendalian
Operasional Pengendalian operasional adalah proses pemantapan agar kegiatan
operasional dilaksanakan secara efektif dan efisien. Pengendalian operasional
menggunakan prosedur dan aturan keputusan yang sudah ditentukan lebih dahulu.
Sebagian besar keputusan bisa diprogramkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendukung
pemrosesan untuk pengendalian operasi terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses transaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses laporan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses pemeriksaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa contoh di bawah ini
menggambarkan jenis dukungan keputusan yang dapat dibuat dalam sistem
pengendalian operasional :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu transaksi penarikan kembali
sediaan menghasilkan suatu dokumen transaksi. Pengolahan transaksi juga dapat
menyelidiki persediaan yang ada, dan memutuskan apakah suatu pesanan pembelian
sediaan harus diadakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu pemeriksaan terhadap file pegawai
menjelaskan keperluan untuk suatu posisi. Komputer menyelidiki file pegawai
menggunakan program untuk memilih kandidat secara kasar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laporan rutin dihasilkan secara
periodik. Tetapi suatu aturan keputusan yang diprogramkan dalam suatu prosedur
pengolahan laporan bisa menciptakan laporan khusus dalam suatu bidang masalah.
Contoh : suatu analisis pesanan yang masih belum dilayani setelah 30 hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Informasi Untuk Pengendalian
Manajemen Informasi pengendalian manajemen diperlukan oleh manajer departemen
untuk mengukur pekerjaan, memutuskan tindakan pengendalian, merumuskan aturan
keputusan baru untuk diterapkan personalia operasional, dna mengalokasi sumber
daya. Proses pengendalian manajemen memerlukan jenis informasi berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekerjaan
yang telah direncanakan (standar, ekspektasi, anggaran, dll)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpangan
dari pekerjaan yang telah direncanakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab
penyimpangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
keputusan atau arah tindakan yang mungkin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Database untuk pengendalian
manajemen terdiri dari dua elemen utama : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">database dari operasional, dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rencana, anggaran, standar, dll yang
mendefinisikan perkiraan tentang pelaksanaan, juga beberapa data eksternal
seperti perbandingan industri dan indeks biaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses untuk mendukung keputusan
kegiatan pengendalian manajemen adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model perencanaan dan anggaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program-program laporan penyimpangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model-model analisis masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model-model keputusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Model-model pemeriksaan/pertanyaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluaran dari sistem informasi
pengendalian manajemen adalah : rencana dan anggaran, laporan yang terjadwal,
laporan khusus, analisissituasi masalah, keputusan untuk penelaahan, dan
jawaban atas pertanyaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Informasi Untuk Perencanaan
Strategis Tujuan perencanaan strategis adalah untuk mengembangkan strategi
dimana suatu organisasi akan mampu mencapai tujuannya. Horison waktu untuk
perencanaan strategis cenderung lama, sehingga perubahan mendasar dalam
organisasi bisa diadakan, sebagai contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
rantai pertokoan dapat memustuskan untuk mengubah menjadi usaha melalui pesanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
toko serba ada dengan toko di pusat kota dapat memutuskan untuk mengubah
menjadi suatu toko obral di luar kota.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktifitas
perencanaan strategis tidak harus terjadi dalam suatu siklus periode seperti
kegiatan pengendalian manajemen. Kegiatan ini memang agak tidak teratur,
meskipun beberapa perencanaan strategis bisa dijadwalkan ke dalam perencanaan
tahunan dan siklus penganggaran. Beberapa jenis data yang berguna dalam
perencanaan strategis menunjukkan ciri data :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prospek
ekonomi bagi bidang kegiatan perusahaan dewasa ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan
politik dewasa ini dan perkiraan masa mendatang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan
dan prestasi organisasi menurut pasaran, negara, dan sebagainya (berdasarkan
kebijakan dewasa ini).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi
kemampuan dan prestasi masa mendatang menurut pasaran, negara, dan sebagainya
(berdasarkan kebijakan dewasa ini).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prospek
bagi industri di daerah lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan
saingan dan saham pasar mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peluang
bagi karya usaha baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alternatif
strategi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi kebutuhan sumber daya bagi
alternatif beberapa strategi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dukungan sistem
informasi untuk perencanaan strategis tidak bisa selengkap seperti bagi
pengendalian manajemen dan pengendalian operasional. Namun demikian sistem
informasi manajemen dapat memberi bantuan yang cukup pada proses perencanaan
strategis, misalnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi kemampuan yang ada didasarkan
atas data internal yang ditimbulkan kebutuhan pengolahan operasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi kemampuan mendatang dapat
dikembangkan oleh data masa lampau dan diproyeksikan ke masa mendatang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data pasar dan persaingan yang mungkin
bisa direkam dalam database komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIM Berdasarkan Fungsi Organisasi Sistem
informasi manajemen dapat dianggap sebagai suatu federasi subsistem yang
didasarkan atas fungsi yang dilaksanakan dalam suatu organisasi. Masing-masing
subsistem membutuhkan aplikasi-aplikasi yntuk membentuk semua proses informasi
yang berhubungan dengan fungsinya, walaupun akan menyangkut database, model
base dan beberapa program komputer yang biasa untuk setiap subsistem
fungsional. Dalam masing-masing subsistem fungsional, terdapat aplikasi untuk
proses transaksi, pengendalian operasional, pengendalian manajemen, dan
perencanaan strategis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan
Sistem Informasi Manajemen PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PT Indofood Sukses Makmur menerapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Manajemen
Informasi melalui seorang<b> </b>m</span>anajer dengan menggunakan banyak
laporan atau tampilan informasi untuk<b> </b>mencerminkan kondisi fisik
perusahaan. Dapat dibayangkan bagaimana<b> </b>perusahaan yang besar hampir
sepenuhnya harus mengandalkan informasi.<b> </b>Para eksekutif sangat mungkin
menganggap informasi sebagai sumberdaya<b> </b>mereka yang paling berharga.
Maka dari itu mereka membagi sumber daya informasi menjadi beberapa jenis
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis
Sumberdaya Informasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia merupakan pengguna atau penggerak dari
setiap kegiatan produksi maupun dalam kegiatan manajemen secara keseluruhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Material</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Material
merupakan bahan atau hal penunjang dari segi tempat atau fasilitas yang ada
pada suatu perusahaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin
(termasuk fasilitas dan energi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin
sebagai penggerak dari berbagai sistem yang befungsi sebagai sistem otomatis
dalam pengelolaan produksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah tujuan akhir dari sebuah bisnis,
semakin banyak uang yang didapat dari keuntungan maka perusahaan tersebut dapat
dikatakan sebagai perusahaan yang sukses dalam pemanfaatan informasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi
(termasuk data)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi
sebagai penentu suatu perusahaan dalam pengambilan kebijakan untuk setiap
kegiatan yang dilakukan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tugas manajer adalah bagaimana mengelola sumberdaya
ini agar dapat digunakan secara efektif. Empat jenis sumberdaya yang pertama
memiliki wujud, ada secara fisik, dan dapat disentuh. Sumberdaya ini disebut <b>sumberdaya
fisik</b>. Sumberdaya yang terakhir, informasi, memiliki nilai dari apa yang
diwakilinya, bukan dari bentuknya, disebut <b>sumberdaya konseptual</b>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
Informasi di PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk Dikelola</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajer bukan saja mengelola sumberdaya fisik,
tetapi juga sumberdaya konseptual. Manajer memastikan bahwa data mentah yang
diperlukan terkumpul dan kemudian diproses menjadi informasi yang berguna.
Kemudian dipastikan siapa yang layak memperoleh informasi tersebut dalam bentuk
yang tepat pada saat yang tepat sehingga informasi tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan.
Akhirnya manajer membuang informasi yang tidak berguna dan menggantikan dengan
yang mutakhir dan akurat. Seluruh aktivitas ini: memperoleh informasi,
menggunakan secara efektif, dan membuangnya pada saat yang tepat disebut <b>manajemen
informasi</b>.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SIM
Dimata Pemakai</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para manajer memberikan perhatian yang semakin besar
pada manajemen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">informasi
belakangan ini karena dua alasan: (1) kegiatan bisnis semakin kompleks, dan (2)
kemampuan komputer semakin baik.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompleksitas
kegiatan bisnis yang meningkat, karena:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
ekonomi internasional</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persaingan
dunia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompleksitas teknologi yang meningkat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batas
waktu yang singkat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kendala-kendala
sosial.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan
komputer yang semakin baik:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">_
Dalam tahun 1950-an dan 60-an ukuran komputer besar dan kecepatan lambat dan hanya
boleh disentuh para spesialis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">_
Sekarang pemakai mungkin hanya menggunakan terminal atau PC di ruangan, ada
jaringan dan pemakai tahu cara menggunakannya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">_
Pemakai memandang komputer sebagai peralatan kantor yang dibutuhkan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapakah
Para Pemakai?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awalnya pemakai output komputer adalah adalah
pegawai administrasi di bagian akuntansi, yang komputernya melakukan aplikasi pembayaran
gaji, pengelolaan persediaan, dan penagihan. Para pemakai komputer meliputi:
manajer, non-manajer, dan orang-orang dan organisasiorganisasi dalam lingkungan
perusahaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkatan manajemen adalah <b>tingkat perencanaan
strategis</b>, seperti direktur dan para wakil direktur. Manajer tingkat
menengah mencakup manajer wilayah, direktur produk dan kepala devisi dinamakan <b>tingkat</b>
<b>pengendalian manajemen</b>. Dan manajer tingkat bawah mencakup kepala departemen,
penyelia, dan pimpinan proyek yang bertanggung jawab pada pelaksanaan
rencana-rencana tingkat yang lebih tinggi disebut <b>tingkat</b> <b>pengendalian
operasional</b>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengaruh pada sumber informasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
perencanaan strategis </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
pengendalian manajemen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
pengendalian operasional</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
pada bentuk informasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
perencanaan strategis </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
pengendalian manajemen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
pengendalian operasional</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manajer
dan Sistem di PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahli-ahli manajemen sering mengatakan bahwa seorang
manajer harus memandang organisasinya sebagai suatu sistem. Sistem adalah
sekelompok elemen-elemen yang terintegrasi dengan maksud yang sama untuk
mencapai suatu tujuan. Semua sistem tidak memiliki kombinasi elemen-elemen yang
sama. Sistem dapat dikelompokkan menjadi <b>sistem lingkaran terbuka </b>dan <b>lingkaran
tertutup</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem lingkaran terbuka adalah suatu sistem tanpa
kontrol, lingkaran balik, dan tujuan. Sebaliknya sistem lingkaran tertutup
adalah sistem dengan tiga elemen kontrol (tujuan, mekanisme kontrol, dan
lingkaran umpan balik). Kalau berbicara sistem, tentu ada sub-sistem dan supra
sistem. Sub-sistem adalah sistem di dalam sistem. Supra sistem adalah sistem
yang lebih besar dari suatu sistem. Contoh: pemerintah kota adalah sistem,
tetapi ia juga merupakan bagian dari sistem yang lebih besar – pemerintahan
propinsi. Pemerintahan propinsi adalah supra sistem dari pemerintahan kota dan
juga merupakan sub-sistem dari pemerintahan nasional. Perusahaan bisnis adalah
suatu sistem fisik yang berada pada satu atau lebih sistem lingkungan yang
lebih besar atau super sistem.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PT BANTIMURUNG INDAH</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah
produksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">PT.Bantimurung
Indah sebagai salah satu eksportir rumput laut <i>(E. cottonii)</i>,<i> </i>sejak
tahun1995 sampai 2004 menguasai pangsa pasar ekspor rumput laut Sulawesi
Selatan rata-rata 5,58 % per tahun. PT.Bantimurung Indah mempunyai
peranan besar dalam pengembangan ekspor rumput laut di Sulawesi Selatan, karena
memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar sampai 7,22 % dari total ekspor Sulawesi
Selatan atau sebesar 1,240 ton . </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">PT.Bantimurung
Indah sejak tahun 1995 belum mampu memenuhi quota permintaan ekspor yaitu 1500
ton per tahun. Pada tahun 2004, PT.Bantimurung Indah hanya mampu mengekspor <i>E.
cottonii </i>dalam bentuk <i>semi carrageenan</i> sebesar 260 ton dan bahan
baku rumput laut sebesar 980 ton, sementara yang diproduksi dalam bentuk <i>semi
carrageenan</i> sebesar 280 ton dan bahan baku sebesar 985, yang berasal
dari bahan baku sebesar 2,157 ton. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa
terjadi ketidakseimbangan penawaran dan permintaan ekspor rumput laut. Oleh
karena itu, sangat menarik untuk menganalisis situasi ketidakseimbangan
penawaran dan permintaan ekspor rumput laut (<i>E. cottonii</i>) di PT.Bantimurung
Indah. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strategi Sistem Informasi Perusahaan Terhadap Kebutuhan
Pasar</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perusahaan yang menyelaraskan antara pengunaan teknologi
informasi yang dapat mendukung dan melaksanakan atau mengimplementasikan satu
atau lebih strategi kompetisi sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cost
leadership strategy</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem informasi yang mendukung
strategi ini adalah perusahaan sebagai produsen dengan biaya terendah dengan
cara; menurunkan biaya dalam proses bisnis melalui rekayasa proses bisnis,
menurunkan biaya dari pemasok, menurunkan biaya ke pelangan. Perusahaan yang
menerapkan strategi ini misalnya; perusahaaan PT Bantimurung Indah, yang
mengunakan komputer yng dihubungkan dengan pasar komoditi rumput laut untuk
memonitor harga rumput laut dan membeli pada saat harga rumput laut rendah.
Perusahaaan PT Bantimurung Indah (memiliki pasokan rumput laut), bisa
membandingkan harga-harga yang ditawarkan oleh pemasok dan membeli yang
terendah, demgan memanfaatkan komputer. 7-eleven (prusahaan ritel di amerika)
berinvestasi sampai $200 juta untuk menemukan keinginan pelangan, dan
menentukan produk yang harus disediakan di toko, perusahaan menerapkan
pemajangan produk secara bergantian tiap jam, untuk menghemat tempat yang
sewanya yang mahal di Jepang, sehingga menghemat biaya dan menghasilkan laba
yang sangat besar. Caterpilar Company (perusahaan alat-alat berat), pernah
kalah bersaing dengan perusahaan Jepang Komatsu yang dengan harga lebih murah
40%, namun dengan biaya $2 milyard, membangn serat optik untuk mengunakan
satelit, untuk menerapkan sistem informasi eksekutif yang dapat menganalisa
data, trend dan evalausi kinerja dialer dan pemasok-pemasok, teleconference ,
CIM (robot, CAD, CAM) dibeberapa pabrik, MRP II dan sistem pembelian dan
logistik. Penerapan ini mampu menghemat biaya sediaan dalam proses sampai 60%
(sampai jutaan dollar), waktu pemesanan turun dari 40 hari menjadi 10 hari,
pengiriman tepat waktu meningkat sampai 70%, sehingga perusahaan dapat
memenangkan pangsa pasar sampai 30%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diferentaiation
strategy</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem informasi mendukung strategi ini mampu menyediakan
produk/ jasa yang berbeda atau unik dengan nilai yang lebih besar kepada
pelangan dibandingkan dengan pesaing-pesaingnya dengan cara; mengunakan
teknologi informasi untuk membuat produk/ jasa berbeda, mengunakan teknologi
informasi untuk mengurangi keuntungan diferensiasi pesaing. Perusahaan yang
mengunakan strategi ini misalnya Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) dengan
mengunakan sistem pakar mengunakan X-Con untuk mengkomfigurasi sistem komputer
berdasarkan pesanan pembeli yang memiliki selera yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Focus
strategy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Informasi yang mendukung
strategi ini dapat membantu perusahaan memfokuskan produk/ jasa disuatu niche
market khusus. Misalnya pada perusahaan Domino’s Pizza yang memfokuskan kepada
penjualan Pizza dikirim tepat waktu; kurang dari 15 menit jika lebih akan
gratis, dengan bekerja sama dengan AT&T yang mengurus telepon yang masuk
dengan menidentifikasi otomatis telepon yang masuk, alamat yang diteuskan ke
toko Domino’s Pizza yang paling dekat dengan penelpon, yang membutuhkan waktu
7-11 detik. Pihak toko mengetahui nomor telepon tersebut berdasarkan caller’s
ID dan mengetahuim alamat pemesan dari basis data di komputer, sehingga dapat
mengirimkan pizza secepat mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inovation
strategy</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem informasi yang mendukung
strategi ini mampu mendukung perusahaan untuk menemukan produk/ jasa terbaru
dibandingkan pesaingnya dengan cara; membuat market baru dengan mengunakan
teknologi informasi, misalnya kerjasama Merill Lynch bekerjasama dengan Bank
One untuk menghasilkan produk inovasi berupa Cash Manajement account (CMA)
dengan program ini nasabah pasar modal dan pasar uang dapat mengetahui laporan
keuangan mereka sendiri, membuat cara baru menjual produk dan jasa yang
melibatkan teknologi informasi, misalnya McKesson Drug Company mengunakan
sistem order elektronik (disebut Economost), yang memungkinkan apotik atau toko
obat memesan lewat fax, telepon maupun online, sehingga peneremiaan order
berlangsung cepat dan dapat diandalkan, dan mengurangi tenaga kerja bagian
pemesanan, serta meningkatkan loyalitas pelangan karena hemat waktu, baiaya
akurasi, biaya kenyamanan dan baiaya pulsa yang lebih murah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliancy
strategy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem informasi strategi ini mampu
membuat hubungan kerjasama yang menguntungkn dengan pemasok, perusahaan lain
dan bahkan dengan pesaing-pesaingnya dengan cara; mengunakan sistem informasi
anatar organisasi untuk menghubungkan dengan sistem-sistem informasi perusahaan
lain. Misalnya perusahaan 7-eleven Jepang bekerjasama dengan pemasok-pemasok
dan lainnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Growth
Stretegy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem informasi ini dapat mendukung
perusahaan membantu dan mengembangkan divesifikasi pasar, misalnya Citicorp
yang mengunakan ATM pertama kali di kota New York untuk mendapatkan nasabah
baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo25; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quality
Strategy</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem informasi yang mendukung
strategi ini dapat meningkatkan kualitas dari produk/ jasa dengan cara;
mengunakan robot, CAM atau CIM untuk meningkatkan kaulitas produk, mengunakan
teknologi informasi untuk peningkatan berkelanjutan dari produk. Perusahaan
yang menerapkan cara ini misalnya Caterpilar Company (CAT). Dengan demikian
pemanfatan SI dapat meningkatkan daya saing atau kinerja perusahaan
(tercapainya tujuan sebuah organisasi dengan efektif dan efisien) dengan
memanfaatkan sumberdaya informasi untuk mencapai keungulan kompetitif, karena
pemanfaatan sumber daya teknologi selain dapat meningkatkan; kecepatan
(pengolahan data data pelayanan), keakuratan, efisiensi, dapat juga untuk
meningkatkan produktifitas perusahaan, diferensiasi produk atau layanan, dapat
melayani pasar khusus konsumen tertentu, dapat melakukan inovasi, memungkinkan
kerjasama antar perusahaan, menumbuhkan pasar baru dan meningkatkan kualitas
produk atau jasa. sehingga baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dapat meningkatkan
profitabilitas perusahaan, baik berupa peningkatan pendapatan, pengurangan
biaya-biaya dan loyalitas konsumen.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendekatan
Sistem Informasi Manajemen PT Bantimurung Indah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu metode yang menggunakan
pendekatan sistem untuk mengembangkan sistem informasi, yang paling umum dalam
analisis dan desain sistem organisasi, disebut sebagai <i>multistep</i>, proses
berulang-ulang yang disebut sebagai <i>System Development Life Cycle </i>(SDLC).
Pengembangan sistem informasi yang dilakukan secara teratur, berurut serta
memiliki tahapan pengembangan yang cukup dalam untuk mendapatkan hasil yang
baik. Tahapan pengembangan terdiri dari : </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Merencanakan pengembangan pusat informasi </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendefinisikan masalah, mengidentifikasi
kendala-kendala sistem, melakukan studi kelayakan baik secara teknis dan
ekonomis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Menganalisa sistem apabila proyek layak diteruskan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengorganisasikan kelompok atau tim
pengembangan, mengumpulkan kebutuhan informasi dan menyiapkan usulan rancangan
sistem. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Perancangan sistem </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyiapkan rancangan sistem, prosedur,
dan program. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d) Implementasi </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merencanakan implementasi, mencari <i>hardware
</i>dan <i>software </i>yang baik, menyiapkan fasilitas fisik, melakukan
training dan menyiapkan konversi atau imigrasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e) Pemeliharaan sistem </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengaudit ulang, menjaga kestabilan
sistem dan meningkatkan <i>performance</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SDLC adalah penerapan pendekatan sistem untuk mengembangkan suatu
sistem informasi (SI) dengan tahapan pengembangan seperti paparan dibawah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Rumput Laut </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIM</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Investigasi Sistem </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
bagaimana untuk menangani peluang bisnis dan prioritas. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan studi kelayakan
untuk menentukan apakah sebuah sistem yang baru atau yang ditingkatkan adalah
solusi yang layak. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan rencana manajemen dan memperoleh persetujuan
manajemen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk yang dihasilkan dari proses ini adalah laporan studi kelayakan,
antara lain ditinjau dari segi operasional, analisis biaya manfaat, teknik,
faktor sumber daya manusia, dan aspek hukum/politik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b)
Analisis Sistem </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisis kebutuhan informasi dari karyawan, pelanggan, dan
stakeholder bisnis lainnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan persyaratan fungsional dari sebuah sistem yang dapat
memenuhi prioritas bisnis dan kebutuhan dari semua pemangku kepentingan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan model logis dari sistem saat ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk yang dihasilkan dari proses ini adalah <i>functional
requirement</i>, yaitu aspek yang menyangkut kebutuhan <i>user interface</i>, <i>processing</i>,
<i>storage</i>, dan <i>control</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Perancangan Sistem </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini merupakan aktifitas yang menghasilkan spesifikasi sistem
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan fungsional pengembangan dalam tahap analisis sistem.
Ada tiga aktifitas perancangan sistem, yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain User Interface</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan
kegiatan untuk merancang interaksi antara pengguna dengan aplikasi komputer,
baik dalam hal penetuan metode masukan maupun keluaran seperti kemudahan
penggunaan halaman-halaman web internet dan ekstranet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain
Data</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan kegiatan untuk merancang struktur database maupun file
yang akan digunakan dalam sistem informasi. Desain data akan menghasilkan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atribut atau karakteristik entitas yang diusulkan sebagai kebutuhan
pemeliharaan sistem informasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Relasi dari masing-masing entitas yang harus ada. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.6pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data elemen spesifik yang dibutuhkan untuk memelihara
masing-masing entitas dalam sistem informasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain Proses</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, merupakan aktifitas
yang berfokus pada perancangan sumberdaya perangkat yaitu program dan prosedur
yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem informasi yang disulkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.1pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d)
Implementasi Sistem </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.1pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperoleh (atau mengembangkan) perangkat keras dan perangkat
lunak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.1pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menguji sistem, dan melatih orang untuk mengoperasikan dan
menggunakannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.1pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkonversi ke sistem bisnis baru. Beberapa alternatif konversi
sistem yang dapat digunakan adalah <i>parallel</i>, <i>pilot</i>, <i>phased </i>dan
<i>plune</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengelola dampak dari perubahan sistem pada pengguna akhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PTT NUSANTARA </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PG. GULA <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CAMMING</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (BONE)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pabrik Gula Camming, di
Kabupaten Bone , Sulawesi Selatan, <br />
didirikan tahun 1981, giling perdana tahun 1986, peralatan pabrik dari India
dengan kapasitas 3.000 tth. <span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selatan dengan luas areal HGU 9.837 hektar,
didirikan tahun 1981, dengan kapasitas 3.000 TCD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PTP XX (persero) bekerja sama dengan PT. Tanindo Jakarta
dan Victorias Milling Company, inc, Philipines, melakukan studi kelayakan
proyek Gula Camming Sulawesi Selatan. Penguasaan lahan bukan merupakan problem
setelah Bupati KDH Tk.II Bone mengeluarkan SK No. 84/DnY/Kpts/V/1981 tertanggal
18 mei 1981 yang memutuskan alokasi untuk perkebunan tebu seluas 9.000 Hektar.
Setelah di survey hanya 7.200 Hektar yang layak ditanami tebu sisanya dapat
digunakan sebagai permukiman penduduk, Infrastruktur, kompleks pabrik dan lain
sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">abrik</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Gula Camming
secara resmi dibangun dengan di tandai keluarnya Mentan No. 668/Kpta/org/1981
tanggal 11 Agustus 1981 yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan Gula dalam
negeri. Untuk mencapainya maka PTP XX (persero) selaku pengemban SK melakukan
penanaman tebu diwilayah camming.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada awal tahun 1985 PTP XX (persero) bekerja sama dengan
The Triveni E.W India melakukan pembagunan pabrik gula berkapasitas 3.000 TCD
dan pada tanggal 2 Agustus 1986 dilakukan giling perdana Pabrik Gula Camming.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarka peraturan pemerintah No. 5 Thn 1991 dan SK
mentri Keuangan RI No. 950/KMK-013/1991 dan No. 951/KMK-013/1991. Dibentuk PTP
XXXII (persero) yang berkedudukan di ujung pandang untuk mengelola
pabrik-pabrik gula di sulawesi selatan, yang terdiri dari Pabrik gula bone,
Pabrik gula takalar dan Pabrik gula camming.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan SK Mentri Pertanian RI No.
361/KPTS/07.210/5/1994 tanggal 9 Mei 1994 dilakukan Restrukturisasi BUMN sector
Pertanian. Kemudian PTP XXXII (persero) merupakan badan usaha Group
Sulawesi-Maluku-NTT-Irian yang terdiri dari tiga kelompok usaha di kawasan
Indonesia timur yaitu : PTP XXXII (persero), PTP XXVIII (persero) dan Bina
Mulya Ternak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tanggal 11 Maret 1996 dibentuk PTP Nusantara XIV
(persero) dengan akta notaris Harun Kamil SH No. 47 tanggal 11 Maret 1996 yang
didasari Surat Keputusan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 37.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan
Pemerintah RI No. 19 tahun 1996 tanggal 4 Februari 1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 37.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mentri Keuangan
RI No. 173/KMK.016/1996 tanggal 11 Maret 1996</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 37.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mentri
Pertanian RI No. 334/Kpts/KP.510/1994 tanggal 3 Mei 1994</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pabrik gila
camming merupakan salah satu unit produksi PTP Nusantara XIV (persero), namun
berdasarkan surat Mentri BUMN No. s-702/MBU/2007 sejak 1 Oktober 2007 PTPN XIV
(persero) bekerja sama dengan PT. Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia (persero) dalam
rangka peningkatan kinerja pabrik gula dengan membentuk suatu badan pengelola 3
unit pabrik gula milik PTPN XIV (persero) yang disebut BPPG – PTPN XIV.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Informasi Berdasarkan Proses
Pengolahan.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan baku utama yang digunakan dalam pembuatan gula putih
yaitu tebu sedangkan bahan tambahanya yaitu susu kapur, asam posfat, belerang
flokulang, pondan dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi bahan baku dan bahan pembantu pada pembutan gula
putih yaitu: tebu sebagai sumber utama sacahrosa yang terkandung dalam nira.
Susu kapur berfungsi untuk mengurangi kadar keasaman dan menaikkan PH dan
membentuk pengendapan. Asam fosfat nira yang aktif, sebagai pengikat kotoran
atau penyerap kotoran. Flokulant untuk mempercepat pengendapan. Fondan sebagai
bahan untuk mengejutkan keristal agar serentak dan pembentuk inti kristal. Air
sebagai inbibisi yang berfungsi untuk melarutkan sisa gula yang masih terikat
dalam ampas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun proses-proses lainya seperti syarat-syarat bahan
baku, sistem pengaturan, cana preporation, stasiun gilinga, stasiun pemurnian,
stasiun penguapan, stasiun kristalisasi, stasiun putaran, penyelesaian dan
gudang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat-syarat yang harus diperhatikan dalam mempersiapkan
bahan baku agar produk yang dihasilkan bermutu baik, yakni bebas dari
bahaya kimia dan fisik. Tebuh dalam keadaan utuh dan segar. Bahan harus
memenuhi standar nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses penimbangan tebu dan transloding bertujuan
untuk mengetahui jumlah tebu yang masuk perhari. Jembatan timbang yang
berfungsi di luar gilingan yaitu menimbang tebu giling, bahan pembantu
pengolahan, blotong, tetes dan bibit tebu. Sedangkan tujuan dari transloding
yaitu memindahkan tebu dari truk ke Container yang mempunyai kapasitas 8 ton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pengaturan halaman tebu secara FIFO (First In First
Out), Tebu yang masuk pertama di utamakan untuk digiling dengan tujuan
mengurangi kerusakan gula yang di sebabkan oleh mikroorganisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cane Preporation terdiri dari Cane lifter, meja tebu, Cane
Carrier HDHS (Heavy Duty Hammer ShadderP), Feeding Corner. Fungsi dari
alat tersebut yakni Cane lifter berfungsi memindahkan tebu dari container ke
cane table, meja tebu sebagai penampung tebu yang ditumpahkan oleh Cane Lifter,
sebelum masuk ke cerrier yang digerakkan motor listrik. Cane carrier dari meja
tebu yang selanjutnya di antar kecane Cutter I. Cane Cutter berfungsi sebagai
alat pemotong tebu. HDHS berfungsi penumbuk cacahan tebu sehingga tebu yang
keluar menyerupai serat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun gilingan merupakan awal dari kegiatan pengolahan
gula adalah memerah tebu hingga diperoleh nira sebanyak banyaknya dengan
kehilangan dan kerusakan gula yang sekecil kecilnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang perlu di perhatikan pada pemerahan tebu yaitu,
penambahan susu kapur Ca (OH)2 dilakukan pada bak tarik nira mentah gilingan,
pemberian sanitasi pada gilingan, penyemprotan uap pada rol-rol gilingan,
tekanan hidrolik, dan putaran rol atas, nila hasil perahan diusahakan secepat
mungkin meninggalkan gilingan untuk menghindari kerusakan yang di sebabkan oleh
jasat renik, kebersihan gilingan harus di jaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun pemurnian harus berfungsi untuk memisahkan
kotoran atau ampas yang ikut larut dalam nira dalam penekanan kehilangan
gula yang serendah-rendahnya. Pada proses pemurnian ini terdapat tahap-tahap
yang pelaksanaan yakni: penimbangan nira mentah yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui
jumlah nira mentah secara teliti yang dihasilkan stasiun gilingan, seteklah itu
masuk kepemanas pendahuluan I pada suhu 70-75 C Agar reaksi berjalan
dengan baik. Nira mentah yang berasal dari pemanas I dialirkan menuju
defakator I dengan PH 7,2 -7,8 Kemudian dialirkan menuju defakator II hingga
mencapai PH 8,0-8,5 dengan menambahkan susu kapur yang di lengkapi dengan
pengaduk agar proses pencampuran berjalan sempurna. Untuk menurunkan PH supaya
netral yang di akibatkan kelebihan susu kapur digunakan bejana sulfitasi nira
mentah dengan memberi hembusan gas CO2, setelah itu penyempurnaan reaksi dengan
PH 7,0-7,2 pada bejana netralisasi kemudian di tamping pada peti nira mentah
tersulfitir dan dipompa kepemanas II, Disinilah temperature di naikkan hingga
100-105 C. Setelah nira di panaskan, masuk dalam becana pengendapan dan
kemudian nira jernih yang menguap dilewatkan pada saringan untuk menyaring
ampas, sedangkan nira kotor dipompa untuk di tapis pada Rotary Drum Vacum
Filter. Campuran nira kotor dan hampas halus dialirkan ke vacuum filter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun penguapan bertujuan untuk menguapkan campuran air
sekitar 30-35 % sehingga di hasilkan nila kental. Hal-hal yang harus
diperhatikan dalam proses penguapan yakn: tinggi nira dalam uap badan,
penguapan 1/3 tinggi pipa, laju njira masuk/keluar setiap badan, pengeluaran
nila kental dari badan terakhir, jumlah uap bekas temperature dan tekananya
mencukupi, perpindahan harus berjalan lancer, tekanan uap dalam badan harus di
jaga agar tetap konstan sesuai dengan distribusi tekanan, gas-gas yang
terhembuskan harus dikeluarkan secara teratur, pengeluaran air kondensat tiap
badan harus berjalan lancer, pembersihan harus dilaksanakan secara teratur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun kristalisasi merupakan lanjutan dari proses
penguapan yang akan di uapkan sampai mencapai kejenuhan. Tujuanya adalah
mengambil gula dalam bentuk keristal dari sebanyak mungkin dengan waktu
relative Singkat dan murah dengan hasil Kristal gula memenuhi syarat
perdagangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam proses kristalisasi diharapkan dapat memperoleh hasil
yakni, kristal gula yang memenuhi syarat yang di harapkan mutu dan ukuranya,
kehilangan gulan yang sekecil-kecilnya, biaya nyang di butuhkan untuk proses
rendah, waktu proses yang singkat atau skema masukan yang sependek mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah proses kristalisasi yakni sebagai berikut:
penarikan hampa padapan, penarikan larutan, pembuatan bibit, pembesaran
kristal, masakan tua, menurunkan masakan, operasi pendinginan masakan pada
palung pendinginan dan rapid kristalisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun putaran merupakan proses pengkristalan dalam pan Kristal
yang masih merupakan campuran yang terdiri dari larutan dan keristal sacharosa.
Putaran ini terbagi dua yaitu putaran continue dan discontinue. Putaran
continue terdapat pemanas masakan dan pemutaran, dimana pemutaran ini dilakukan
pada reaheter kemudian masuk keruang pemanas dan pendingin. Sedangkan pemutaran
digerakkan dengan motor penggerak dengan Ampermeter panel
menunjukkan 40 Ampere. Putaran discontinue pada putaran A berfungsi untuk
mendapatkan kualitas gula yang baik dengan kapasitas tinggi. Pada putaran A Dan
D mengalami proses pemutaran dua kali yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh
Kristal yang memenuhi syarat. Sedangkan putaran C hanya digunakan satu alat
putaran untuk memisahkan antara gula C. Gula C di pakai pada masakan A sebagai
bibit masukan sengkan stroop C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyelesaian dan gudang harus dibuat terlebih dahulu sebelum
Kristal gula diproses dari masakan A. Sebelum masuk kedalam gudang dan
dipisahkan terlebih dahulu di olah agar memenuhi criteria gula yang
berkualitas. Rangkaian proses yang harus di lalui yakni: pengeringan,
pendinginan. Sortir dan dikemas. Syarat gudang gula yang baik harus
memenuhi persyaratan yakni: lantai harus kering, atap tidak mengalami
kebocoran, suhu gedung antara 50-75 % harus dipasang alat pengukur kelembapan
(higrom eter), Harus dilengkapi dengan alat pemadam kebakaran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-Hal
Yang Menyangkut Sistem Informasi Manajemen PG. Camming</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap kegiatan baik dalam pengelolan lahan sampai kegiatan
produksi selalu berpedoman berdasarkan informasi yang dikelolah oleh ahli dalam
setiap bidang, dengan bedasarkan informasi tersebut maka diharapkan setiap
kegiatan berjalan sesuai dengan strategi yang telah direncanakan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor – Faktor
Kendala dan Suksesnya Membangun Sistem Informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum
membangun sistem informasi terdapat beberapa faktor yang menentukan sukses dan
gagal dalam mengembangkan system informasi yaitu : (1). Kendala atau tantangan
dalam membangun sistem informasi, diantaranya : Kurangnya informasi dari user,
Tidak lengkapnya kebutuhan dan spesifikasi yang diperlukan,Terdapatnya
perubahan kebutuhan dan spesifikasi ketika project berjalan, Kurangnya dukungan
dari pihak eksekutif serta kurangnya kemampuan skill dari user. (2). Faktor
yang menyebabkan gagalnya dalam membangun sistem informasi : Requirement atau
kebutuhan yang kurang lengkap, kurangnya keterlibatan user, Kurangya Resource /
sumber daya, Hasil yang ingin dicapai tidak realistis, Perubahan Kebutuhan dan
spesifikasi, Kurangnya perencanaan, Sistem tidak akan digunakan lagi serta
Kurangnya Managemen IT. (3) Faktor yang Menentukan Dalam Suksesnya Sistem
Informasi : Keikutsertaan user dalam membangun system, dukungan dari manajemen
eksekutif, Kebutuhan sistem terpenuhi dan jelas, Perencanaan yang tepat serta
tujuan yang akan dicapai memang suatu hal yang realities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain Basis
Data</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem
informasi budidaya rumput laut berbasis web merupakan sebuah system yang
digunakan memanage informasi budidaya rumput laut. Media ini menggunakan basis
data <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MySQL</i> dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Content Management System </i>(CMS) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Joomla</i> 1.5, dimana telah tersedia table
standar (default) yang digunakan untuk mengorganisasikan informasi. Pada system
informasi tersebut, informasi dan data yang dimasukkan merupakan data dan
informasi yang didapatt dari literature yang berbentuk tulisan, gambar dan
foto.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
tahap desain proses, prosedur dan program dirancang oleh pengembang sistem.
Secara umum tahap sistem informasi ini dimulai dari permintaan user terhadap
halaman sistem informasi melalui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">URL</i>.
Proses ini disebut dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Query String</i>.
Pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">URL</i> yang diminta tersebut
mengandung parameter konten seperti bagian, kategori, dan ID artikel.
Berdasarkan parameter tersebut sistem <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Joomla</i>
melakukan kontak dengan sistem basis data (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MySQL</i>)
dan mengambil konten yang diminta berdasarkan parameternya. Setelah itu konten
yang diambil dari database dipadukan dengan template sebagai halaman html.
Proses pada sistem informasi ini juga dibagi atas dua sisi, yakni depan (front
end) yang merupakan sisi pengunjung dan belakang yang merupakan sisi pengembang
(back end). Pada sisi belakang, pengembangan melakukan pengaturan,
pemeliharaan, pembersihan, dan penambahan tulisan pada sistem. Kategori
keanggotaan dibagi menjadi public front end yakni pengguna yang hanya mempunya
akses pada sisi depan dari sistem informasi, dan public back end yakni pengguna
dan pengembang yang mempunyai akses pada sisi belakang dari sistem informasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 5;">
<br /></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 5; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
sebuah sistem informasi manajemen, istilah yang umum dikenal orang adalah
sebuah sistem manusia/mesin yang terpadu (intregeted) untuk menyajikan
informasi guna mendukung fungsi operasi, manajemen, dan pengambilan keputusan
dalam sebuah organisasi. Sistem ini menggunakan perangkat keras (hardware) dan
perangkat lunak (software) komputer, prosedur pedoman, model manajemen dan
keputusan, dan sebuah “data base”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Infomasi Perusahaan adalah sistem berbasis computer yang dapat melaksanakan
semua tugas standar bagi seluruh unit organisasi secar terintegrasi dan
koordinasi. system perencanaan sumber daya perusahaan (ERP) adalah system yang
memampukan manajemen berbagai proses internal organisasi. memperluas konsep
tersebut melampaui batas-batas organisasi melampaui control organisasi sangat
memperumit masalah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
informasi ada karena perangkat keras computer yang penuh daya dan realatif
murah, perangkat lunak system manajemen database yang canggih, dan kebetulan
organisasi untuk memanfaatkan dat di seluruh proses bisnisnya. Banyak pendiri
industri computer idak dapat membayangka ndampak yang dibuat teknologi
informasi pada pengambilan keputusan manajerial. selama komputer dan perangakat
lunak terus meningkat dayanya dan semakin murah, para manajer haurs melihat ke
masa depan dan mempersiapkan organisasi mereka untuk memanfaaatkan kemajuan
teknoologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan
atas system informasi perusaaahaan begitu besar sehingga suatu industri baru
telah berkembang untuk menyediakan perangakat lunak ERP untuk mendukung sitem
tersebut. industri ini sudah besar dan berkembang sangat pesat. perangkat lunak
yang dihasilkan oleh industri ini khusus dan sangat mahal untuk dikembangkan.
lima perusahaan mendominasi industri ini. yang terbesar, SAP, sam dengan
gabungan empat penjual lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
informasi yang didapat harus bersifat valid agar dalam peroses pengolahan data
menjadi suatu informasi juga akan mendapatkan kebenaran informasi yang dapat
dijadikan pedoman nantinya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
karena </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlunya
seseorang yang benar-benar ahli dalam pengolahan data agar mendapatkan
informasi yang akurat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan
sistem informasi sebaiknya dilakukan secara terbuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> di setiap </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem informasi
manajemen yang diterapkan oleh PT Indofood sukses makmur, PT bantimurung indah
dan PG. camming perlu diadakan perbaikan dari segi ketepatan dalam pengumpulan
data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya
pada masing-masing perusahaan terkait harus diadakan peningkatan dalam
penyebaran informasi yang di perlukan oleh pekerja atau karyawan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://iwank-kurniawan.blogspot.com/2011/11/pentingnya-sim-sisitem-informasi.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://iwank-kurniawan.blogspot.com/2011/11/pentingnya-sim-sisitem-informasi.html</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://denyoklex.blogspot.com/2009/12/manfaat-sim-bagi-perusahaan.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://denyoklex.blogspot.com/2009/12/manfaat-sim-bagi-perusahaan.html</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://grace.blogstudent.mb.ipb.ac.id/2010/12/23/penggunaan-sistem-informasi-di-suatu-perusahaan-untuk-menunjang-strategisnya/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://grace.blogstudent.mb.ipb.ac.id/2010/12/23/penggunaan-sistem-informasi-di-suatu-perusahaan-untuk-menunjang-strategisnya/</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-38872282366954680112013-05-05T23:02:00.001-07:002013-05-05T23:02:48.668-07:00alsintan makalahhhhh cess<br /><!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jagung (<em>zea
mays</em>) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan dunia yang terpenting, selain
gandum dan padi. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jagung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman_semusim" title="Tanaman semusim"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanaman semusim</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (annual<span style="color: black;">). Satu siklus hidupnya diselesaikan dalam 80-150 hari. Paruh pertama
dari siklus merupakan tahap pertumbuhan vegetatif dan paruh kedua untuk tahap
pertumbuhan generatif.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 259px; left: 0px; margin-left: 2px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 229px; z-index: 1;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Jagung_tongkol.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/d/dd/Jagung_tongkol.jpg/200px-Jagung_tongkol.jpg" border="0" height="259" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="229" /></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinggi tanaman jagung
sangat bervariasi. Meskipun tanaman jagung umumnya berketinggian antara 1m
sampai 3m, ada varietas yang dapat mencapai tinggi 6m. Tinggi tanaman biasa
diukur dari permukaan tanah hingga ruas teratas sebelum bunga jantan. Meskipun
beberapa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietas" title="Varietas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">varietas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat menghasilkan anakan
(seperti padi), pada umumnya jagung tidak memiliki kemampuan ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F9F9F9; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 180.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunga
betina jagung berupa "tongkol" yang terbungkus oleh semacam pelepah
dengan "rambut". Rambut jagung sebenarnya adalah tangkai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putik" title="Putik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">putik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Batang jagung tegak dan mudah terlihat, sebagaimana sorgum dan tebu,
namun tidak seperti padi atau gandum. Terdapat mutan yang batangnya tidak
tumbuh pesat sehingga tanaman berbentuk roset. Batang beruas-ruas. Ruas terbungkus
pelepah daun yang muncul dari buku. Batang jagung cukup kokoh namun tidak
banyak mengandung lignin.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daun_jagung&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daun jagung (halaman belum tersedia)">Daun jagung</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daun_sempurna&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Daun sempurna (halaman belum tersedia)">daun sempurna</a>. Bentuknya
memanjang. Antara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelepah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pelepah (halaman belum tersedia)">pelepah</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helai_daun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Helai daun (halaman belum tersedia)">helai daun</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>terdapat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligula&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ligula (halaman belum tersedia)">ligula</a>. Tulang daun sejajar dengan
ibu tulang daun. Permukaan daun ada yang licin dan ada yang berambut. Stoma
pada daun jagung berbentuk halter, yang khas dimiliki familia Poaceae. Setiap
stoma dikelilingi sel-sel epidermis berbentuk kipas. Struktur ini berperan
penting dalam respon tanaman menanggapi defisit air pada sel-sel daun<span style="color: black;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menanam merupakan proses pertama dalam membudidyakan tanaman dan
penanaman merupakan usaha penempatan benih atau biji didalam tanah
padakedalaman tertentu atau menyebarkan benih diatas permukaan tanah atau
menanam tanah didalam tanah dan dalam penanaman benih dapat dilakukan dengan
menggunakan tangan saja, dengan bantuan alat-alat sederhana atau dengan bantuan
mesin-mesin pertanian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penanaman diperlukan alat bantu tanam. Untuk penanaman
konvesional sebagai alat bantu adalah tugal, dan tali jarak tanam, serta ajir.
Untuk alat tanam yang modern menggunakan mesin tanam. Namun telah ada alat
tanam yang semi mekanis yaitu berupa ”seed-drill”. Penanaman dengan alat
konvensional waktu yang dibutuhkan relatif lebih lama dan efektif dilakukan
pada lahan-lahan yang sempit dan berteras.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas maka rumusan masalahnya
adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Bagaimana
proses penanaman jagung yang baik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Jenis-jenis
alat tanam yang digunakan dalam budiday jagung..?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Alat dan
mesin tanam jagung….?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Bagaimana
cara pengopersian alat tanam jagung…?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Keunggulan
dan kekurangan apa saja yang dimiliki oleh alat dan mesin tanam jagung..?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Spesifikasi
alat dan mesin penanam biji jagung (grains sedeer)..?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Bagian-bagiian
alat dan mesin grains sedeer..?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Cara
perawatan alat dan mesin penanam jagung..?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Adapun tujuan dari pembuatan makalah ini yaitu dengan informasi
yang didapatkan dari makalah ini maka pembaca diharapkan mampu mengetahui
proses penanaman jagung dengan baik, mengetahui jenis-jenis alat tanam yang
digunakan dalam budidaya jagung, alat dan mesin yang tepat unutk digunakan
dalam penannaman jagung,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara
pengoperasian, kekuarangan dan kelebihan alat, spesifikasi alat, bagian-bagian
alat, serta cara perawatan yang baik.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Proses Penanaman Jagung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanaman merupakan usaha
penempatan benih atau biji didalam tanah padakedalaman tertentu atau
menyebarkan benih diatas permukaan tanah atau menanam tanah didalam tanah dan
dalam penanaman benih dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan tangan saja, dengan
bantuan alat-alat sederhana atau dengan bantuan mesin-mesin pertanian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melakukan budidaya
tanaman jagung, keterampilan dan pengetahuan tentang Persiapan Budidaya
Tanaman Jagung. Untuk menanam tanaman jagung anda memerlukan pengetahuan dan
keterampilan, tentang:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persiapan benih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan jarak tanam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola Tanam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola Hubungan tanaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemupukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.Alat tanam, dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-Jenis Alat Yang
Digunakan Dalam Budidaya Jagung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penanaman diperlukan alat bantu tanam. Untuk penanaman
konvesional sebagai alat bantu adalah tugal, dan tali jarak tanam, serta ajir.
Untuk alat tanam yang modern menggunakan mesin tanam. Namun telah ada alat
tanam yang semi mekanis yaitu berupa ”seed-drill”. Penanaman dengan alat
konvensional waktu yang dibutuhkan relatif lebih lama dan efektif dilakukan
pada lahan-lahan yang sempit dan berteras.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Alat Dan Mesin Tanam Biji-Bijan (Grains Sedeer)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Balai Besar Pengembangan Mekanisasi Pertanian (BB Mektan), Badan
Litbang Pertanian telah melakukan penelitian dan perekayasaan Alat Tanam
Biji-bijian (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Grains Seeder</span></em>). Penerapan alat ini diharapkan dapat
menanggulangi kelangkaan tenaga kerja yang ada di daerah, mengurangi kejerihan
kerja dan efisiensi waktu penanaman. Mesin penanam bijian mekanis model
GS-JP-FL/01, merupakan prototipe yang dirancang untuk menanam biji jagung atau
kedelai pada kondisi lahan terolah sedang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengoperasiannya cukup mudah dan ringan, penarikan mesin
tanam ini dirancang ganda yaitu dengan roda dua (traktor tangan) atau traktor
roda empat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Namun demikian kondisi lahan
yang dapat ditanami dengan mesin tanam ini adalah lahan kering yang sudah
terolah dengan bajak singkal ditambah penggaruan, atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">rotary</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sehingga lahan cukup rata dan remah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #4c4c4c;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
dari mesin ini antara lain menanam biji-bijian seperti jagung, kedelai, kacang
tanah, secara mekanis. Tidak hanya itu, mesin ini juga menggantikan
pekerjaan penanaman secara manual dengan tenaga manusia yang meliputi
penugalan/pembuatan lubang, meletakkan benih dan menutup benih.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="24" width="172"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img alt="http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/1352/file/picture" height="370" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="302" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar Pengopersian
Grains Sedeer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benih
adalah bahan pertanaman berupa biji yang berasal dari biji yang<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span>terpilih. Sedangkan biji yang terpilih adalah biji yang telah mengalami
seleksi atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemilihan terlebih dahulu (Soedianto,1982).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mutu
benih yang dapat mencapai hasil yang maksimal mencakup mutu<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span>genetis, mutu fisik, mutu fisiologis. Sedangkan viabilitas benih
dipengaruhi oleh<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span>faktor genetik dan lingkungan selama pembentukan benih. Kerusakan
mekanik<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span>akibat pengolahan, serangan mikroorganiisme, serta umur dan kemunduran
benih<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span>(Budiarti,1993).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Beberapa
sifat fisik benih yang mempengaruhi penggunaan mesin penanam<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span>adalah sebagai berikut (Anonim, 2008) :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Ukuran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Bentuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Keseragaman Bentuk Dan Ukuran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Jumlah Persatuan Volume</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Ketahanan Terhadap Tekanan Dan Gesekan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Cara
Pengopersian Alat Tanam Jagung Grains Sedeer</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Cara Pengoperasian </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapkan lahan sebelum penanaman dengan cara pengolahan tanah
dengan bajak singkal atau bajak piringan dilanjutkan perataan menggunakan garu
atau bajak rotari. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gandengkan join adapter pada 3 titik gandeng traktor roda 4 atau
pada traktor roda </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 52.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasanglah batang penggandeng ukuran 50 x 50 mm pada join adapter
kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tempatkan penanam bijian tipe
GS-JP-FL/01 satu persatu pada batang pemasangan tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atur posisi kemiringan mesin tanam tersebut sedemikian rupa
sehingga posisi pembuka alur dan roda penggerak sejajar, untuk penggandengan
dengan traktor roda 4 dengan cara memanjangkan top link dan untuk penggandengan
traktor roda 2 dengan memutar join adapter. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembuka
alur tipe double disk membuat alur kemudian benih dijatuhkan dari atas yaitu
oleh bagian penakar benih tipe inclined disk. Penakar benih tipe ini bentuknya
piringan pipih pada sekeliling tepinya terdapat lubang-lubang berdiamater sama
dengan biji yang akan ditanam. Penakar benih sewaktu berputar lubang-lubangnya
terisi oleh bijian yang terdapat diatas piringan penakar benih dan terhubung
dengan hopper benih, kemudian dijatuhkan lewat lubang penyalur benih. Putaran
piringan penakar benih ditransmisikan dri roda penggerak yang ada dibagian
belakang.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mesin penanam bijian mekanis model
GS-JP-FL/01, merupakan prototype yang dirancang untuk menanam biji jagung atau
kedele pada kondisi lahan terolah sedang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pengoperasian cukup mudah dan ringan, penarikan mesin tanam ini dirancang ganda
yaitu dengan roda 2 (traktor tangan) atau traktor roda 4. Namun demikian
kondisi lahan yang dapat ditanami dengan mesin tanam ini adalah lahan kering
yang sudah terolah dengan bajak singkal + penggaruan, atau rotary sehingga
lahan cukup rata dan remah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan
Dan Kekurangan Grains Sedeer</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Fungsi Dan Keunggulan </b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menanam
biji-bijian ( jagung, kedele, kacang tanah) secara mekanis ditarik traktor roda
2 maupun traktor roda 4. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menggantikan
pekerjaan penanaman secara manual dengan tenaga orang meliputi : penugalan
/pembuatan lubang, meletakkan benih dan menutup benih. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dapat
digandengkan dengan traktor roda 2 maupun traktor roda 4. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selain itu Alat Tanam ini
menggunakan kontruksi pembuka alur tipe piringan ganda, sehingga dapat bekerja
pada lahan yang kurang bersih, Pengeluaran benih lebih seragam dalam jumlah
maupun jarak tanamnya (missing hill kurangt 5%).</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Alat Tanam Jagung" border="0" height="207" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="295" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biaya awal
lebih mahal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biaya
perawatan lebih mahal</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Spesifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat </span></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Spesifikasi teknis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Model<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>:
GS – JP-FL/01 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penarik<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
Traktor roda 2 </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Traktor
roda<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
4 , 30 /40/ 50 HP </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bijian
yang sesuai<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
Jagung dan Kedele </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kap.
Hopper<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
5 kg per unit </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kecepatan
penanaman <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 1,5-
2,0 km/jam </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jarak
tanam dalam alur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
30 – 40 cm </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jarak
tanam antara alur <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Dapat diatur ( 30 – 80) cm </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kedalaman
penanaman<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 5 – 7 cm
</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berat
( 1 unit penanam)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
20 kg. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penakar
benih <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
Tipe priringan datar menyudut </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembuka
alur <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
Piringan ganda </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penyesuaianr
kedalaman tanam<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sistem 4 batang
kait </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimensi
( 1 unit/ 1 baris)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 60/25/50 cm (p/l/t)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Dalam
alat mesin tanam (seeder) terdapat beberapa bagian pokok diantaranya adalah
sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1.</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Hopper</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Hopper
merupakan bagian dari komponen mesin tanam yang berada di atas, yang berfungsi
sebagai kotak penampung benih sebelum disalurkan atau ditanam pada tanah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Hopper mempunyai peranan
penting dalam proses berjalannya benih karena apabila desain hopper tidak bagus
maka akan terjadi penumpukan benih yang akan menghambat proses penanaman.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">2.</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Seed Matering Device (SMD)</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Seed
matering device merupakan bagian dari alat tanah yang berada pada posisi tengah
ataupun bawah yang berfungsi untuk mengatur pengeluaran benih sehingga benih
dapat jatuh dengan jumlah tertentu dan jarak tertentu sehingga proses penanaman
bisa berjalan sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku dalam penanaman benih.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Jenis-Jenis Seed Matering Device :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">a. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Horizontal Feed/Rotor matering devices</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">b. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Vertical Feed/Rotor matering devices</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">3.</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Feed Tube</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Feed
tube berada pada posisi dibawah hopper yang berfungsi sebagai penyalur
pengeluaran benih dari hopper sehingga dapat masuk/tertanam pas pada lubang
tanam yang telah dibuat oleh furrow opener. Dalam pengalirannya diharapkan
benih dapat dialirkan dengan kecepatan yang sama dan kontinu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi kecepatan aliran benih :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">a. Panjang saluran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">b. Tingkat kekerasan alat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">c. Pemantulan pada dinding alat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">d. Hambatan pada dinding alat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">4.</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Furrow Opener</span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">(Alat Pembuat Alur)</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Furrow
opener berfungsi sebgai pembuka alaur tanam yang akan dimasuki oleh oleh benih
(biji-bijian) sehingga benih dapat cepat tumbuh terlindung dari panasnya sinar
matahari serta binatang penganggu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Faktor-faktor
penentu kedalam benih yang akan ditanam :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">a. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Jenis tanaman</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">b. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Kelengasan tanah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">c. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Temperature tanah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Macam
–macam Furrow Opener :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">a. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Runner digunakan pada tanah gembur, halus dan rata.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">b. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Hoe digunakan pada tanah keras berbatu, dan banyak akar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">c. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Disk digunakan jika penanaman dilakukan pada lahan yang luas,
dimana sangat dibutuhkan kecepatan tinggi dalam proses penanaman.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">5.</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Covering Device(alat penutup alur)</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Corvering
device berfungsi untuk menutup alur tanam sehingga tidak terjadi kavitsi lengas
(tanah yang kering padat dan cepat menguap) yang bisa menyebabkabkan benih
tidak dapat tumbuh dengan baik/tidak tumbuh (Rahmat Ariza,2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="height: 235px; left: 0px; margin-left: 115px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 299px; z-index: 3;"><img height="235" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="299" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian-bagian alat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 55px; left: 0px; margin-left: 270px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 124px; z-index: 9;"><img alt="Text Box: Pengumpan (hopper benih)" height="55" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="124" /></span><span lang="EN-US"><img border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="32" /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="9" width="33"><br /></td>
<td width="153"><br /></td>
<td width="106"><br /></td>
<td width="4"><br /></td>
<td width="264"><br /></td>
<td width="101"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="49"><br /></td>
<td colspan="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="203" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="369" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="154"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="160" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="153" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="6"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="15"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="71"><br /></td>
<td colspan="3"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="71" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="264" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara
Perwatan Alat Dan Mesin Penanam Grains Sedeer</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Jika
tidak dipakai </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Mesin jika tidak
digunakan mesin disimpan pada tampat yang bersih agar tidak tarjadi pengkaratan
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Jika
telah dipakai </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Mesin jika telah
dipakai dibersihkan dengan air bersih hingga bersih lalu dikeringkan kemudian
disimpan pada tempat yang bersih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Dari
uraian tentang pembahasan,dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat dan mesin tanam grains sedeer merupakan
alat semi mekanis yang sanagt cocok digunakan dalam penanaman biji-bijian
seperti jagung dan kedelai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat dan mesin tanam grains sedeer merupakan
alat yang digunakan sebagai alat penanam biji-bijian yang ada pada lahan
kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besarnya pembukaan pada sed matering device
(SMD) mempengaruhi jumlah beni yang keluar. Semakin besar pembukaan SMD semakin
banyak benih yang dikeluarkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semakin besar pembukaan SMD semakin tinggi
kecepatan kerja mesin penananm dan semakin besar kebutuhan benih yang
dibutuhkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>per hektar areal luasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi alat tanam grais sedeer yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuka alur benih dengan kedalaman yang tepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menakar pengeluaran benih sesuai yang
diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menempatkan benih dalam alur dengan suatu pola
yang sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menutupi benih serta memadatkan tanah di sekitar
benih dengan tingkat kepadatan tertentu dengan jenis tanamannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level5 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mata kuliah alat dan mesin pertanian merupakan salah satu mata
kuliah yang membahas tentang alat dan mesin pertanian baik alat panen maupun
alat an mesin pascapanen. Sebagai saran dari penulis, kami sebagai mahasiswa
mengharapkan agar mata kuliah ini lebih banyak ditekankan pada praktikum kerja
bukan hanya teori belaka. Selain itu kami berharap agar sekiranya kita secepat
mungkin melakukan kegiatan PI (Praktek Industri) di salah satu industry mesin
pertanian di wilayah Makassar dan sekitarnya.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 21.6pt; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad shodik,2010. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan Dasar Alat Dan Mesin
Penanam<span style="color: #666666;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">
(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://materikuliahq.blogspot.com/2010/02/pengenalan-dasar-alat-dan-mesin-penanam.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">http://materikuliahq.blogspot.com/2010/02/pengenalan-dasar-alat-dan-mesin-penanam.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">)[Jumat,
12 maret].</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Irwanto, A.K., 1983, <b><i>Alat dan
Mesin Budidaya Pertanian</i></b>, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut
Pertanian Bogor; Bogor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Purwadi, T., 1999, <b><i>Mesin dan
Peralatan</i></b>, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada;
Jogjakarta<span style="color: #666666;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sukirno. 1999, <b><i>Mekanisasi
Pertanian</i></b>, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian .Universitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gadjah Mada ;Jogjakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tasliman,1996. <b><i>Peralatan
Tanam. </i></b>Program Studi Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas
Jember ; Jember.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rahmat ariza, 2010<b>. <i>Grains
Sedeer</i><span style="color: #666666;">. </span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://rahmatap.blogspot.com/2010/07/sekilas-tentang-mesin-penanam-seeder.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://rahmatap.blogspot.com/2010/07/sekilas-tentang-mesin-penanam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<b>seeder.html</b></span></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAMPIRAN</span></b></div>
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Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-71221318122098230912013-04-10T06:36:00.000-07:002013-04-10T06:36:09.057-07:00<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tugas
individu</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">MK. PEMASARAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 132px; left: 0px; margin-left: 205px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 132px; z-index: -1;"><img alt="UNMSAJA" height="132" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="132" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 62.25pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 62.25pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 62.25pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 62.25pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 62.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Oleh :</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">MUHAMMAD IKHSAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1127040084</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PENDIDIKAN
TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">FAKULTAS
TEKNIK</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">UNIVERSITAS
NEGERI MAKASSAR</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2012/2013</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Teori pemasaran berdasarkan teori maslow</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan fisiologis </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Produk ini merupakan makanan atau cemilan penunda rasa
lapar, dimana makanan inii dapat dikonsumsi sebagai cemilan ataupun sebagai
makanan penutup setalah makan. Di mana produk ini banyak mengandung nilai gizi
yang tinggi seperti, karbohidrat, protein dan lemak, karena terbuat dari tepung
terigu, kanji, dan telur. Jadi jika kita kurang banyak waktu produk ini dapat
mengurangi rasa lapar untuk sementara sebelum kita mangkonsumsi nasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan rasa aman </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara umum konsumen sangat mementinglan yang namanya
rasa aman. Oleh karena itu produk ini dalam proses pembuatannya hingga sampai
ketangan konsumen sangatlah diperhatikan. Terutama dalam proses-proses
pengemasan produk ini agar tidak terjadi kontaminasi dengan bakteri atau
berbagai mikroorganisme lain yang dapat menyebabbkan kerusakan dari produk ini.
Maka dari itu produk ini dikemas sedemikian rupa dengan plastik pembungkus
sterril. Produk ini juga sebelum diedarkan kekonsumen telah melalui tahap
penelitian oleh BPOM melelui dinas perindustrian daerah dan memperoleh
sertifikat lulus uji dan bebes untuk diedarkan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan sosial </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Produk ini dapat dikonsumsi oleh semua kalangan dari
anak-anak sampai orang tua. Dimana prouk ini dapat diperoleh dengan mudah dan
harganya pun terjangkau. Masa simpan produk ini cukup lama sehingga dapat
dijadikan oleh-oleh untuk kemana saja. Adapun konsumen yang ingi membeli produk
ini dalam jumlah yang banyak atau lebih dari lima bungkus akan diberi potongan
harga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>datau discon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan ego </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">produk ini merupakan produk dengan kualitas yang baik.
Kemasan dari produk ini kami desain sedemikian rupa dengan warna yang menarik
begitupu bentuknya, yang unik yang tidak sama dengan produk lain sehingga
segmentasi produk ini lebih teratas dibanding kerupuk lain,oleh karena itu jika
anda mengkonsumsi produk ini anda akan merasakan sensasi yang sangat
menyenangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebutuhan aktualisasi diri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam perjalanan dan perkembangan produk ini pada
hari-hari awal kerja, produk ini diproduksi pada setiap harinya hanya 7 sampai
10 bungkus dengan isi perbungkusnya itu 250 gram . Tetapi semakin dikenalnya
dan disukainya produk ini sehingga pesanan untuk produk ini semakin bertambah
oleh karena itu memacu semangat kami dan para karyawan untuk memproduksi lebih
besar setiap harinya untuk memenuhi pesanan karena produk ini dibandingkan
dengan produk yang lain jauh lebih enak. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merek dagang produk </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun
merek dagang yang saya gunakan ialah “KERUPUK BAWANG SARI RASA”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Deskripsi produk </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Produk
ini terbuat dari kurang lebih bahan tepung-tepungan oleh karena itu hasil akhir
dari produk ini yaitu padat padat dan teksturnya renyah. Adapun variasi bentuk
dari produk ini berupa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bentuk stik </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="173" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="208" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="175" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="208" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bentu lembaran </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="169" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="208" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="167" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="208" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bentuk keong </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="177" src="file:///C:/Users/ICCANB%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Krupuk Bawang<br />
Produksi : 250 gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kondisi : siap siap
makan <br />
Ukuran : sedang<br />
Kuwalitas : No.1 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harga
: Rp.5000</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bahan dan bumbu yang dugunakan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bahan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
bumbu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tepung terigu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bawang merah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tepung kanji <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merica bubuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Soda kue<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>garam </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Minyak goreng</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Telur ayam </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Air </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gula </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rincian dana dari bahandan bumbu yang digunakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Untuk membuat 3 kg kerupuk
bawang diperlukan bahan-bahan diantaranya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bahan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1kg Tepung terigu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
Rp.9.000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">500 gram Tepung kanji <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
Rp.6.000,-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2 gr soda kue <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
Rp.3.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1 liter Minyak goreng<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=Rp.10.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5 butir Telur ayam<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=Rp.5.000,-
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">0,5 liter Gula <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=Rp.5000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">50 ml Air </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bumbu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10 siung bawang merah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=Rp.3.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Setengah sendok merica bubuk <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=Rp.3.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3 sendok makan Garam <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=Rp.3.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Harga produk </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun harga dari produk ini
yaitu, Rp.5.000,- per kemasan dari berbagai bantuk dengan isi setiap kemasannya
yaitu 250 gram .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jumlah perkemasan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Setiap kemasan dari produk
ini berisi 250 gram kerupuk siap siap konsumsi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Margin pemasaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Margin pemasaran produk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Uraian<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>satuan
(Rp/gram)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1,
produsen<span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>a.harga
beli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b.margin
pemasaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c.harga jual/bungkus <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rp.5.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.
pedagang pengumpul <span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span>a.
Harga beli <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.5000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b. margin pemasaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rp.2000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- biaya transport<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.
500,- <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- biaya pemasaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.
500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-
margin keuntungan<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rp.1.000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c. Harga jual <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rp.7.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.
toko oleh-oleh/supermarket <span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>a.
Harga beli <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rp.7.000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b. Margin pemasaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rp.2.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- biaya
transport<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- biaya
pemasaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- biaya pajak
produk<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Rp.250,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- margin
keuntungan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rp.1.250,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>-
harga jual <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Rp.
9.500,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.
pedagang eceran <span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span>a.
Harga beli <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.9.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Margin
pemasaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rp. 2000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- biaya transport<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- biaya pemasaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- margin
keuntungan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rp.1000,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c. Harga jual <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rp.11.500,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 5.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5.
konsumen <span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>a.
Harga beli <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rp.11.500,-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Margin pemasaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.
Harga jual<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-64587876139217179762013-03-27T18:27:00.000-07:002013-03-27T18:27:22.673-07:00alat pemanen buah manggis artikel lain<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LATAR
BELAKANG </span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pohon
manggis atau bahasa Latinya <em><u>Garcinia mangostana L</u>. </em>adalah
tanaman liar dengan ciri panjang daun lebih dari 20 cm dengan lebar 10 cm.
Ketebalan kulit buah yang berasal dari famili <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae"><em><span style="color: windowtext;">Clusiaceae</span></em></a> ini cukup tebal berkisar 9
mm hingga lebih serta diameter buah pun besar lebih dari 6,5 cm Yang
menarik dari buah yang berwarna merah keunguan ini banyaknya buah tiap tandan
adalah 1 butir. Tinggi tanaman ini bisa mencapai 7 sampai 25 meter.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P<span style="color: #231f20;">ermintaan pasar dunia
akan buah manggis tidak pernah jenuh sehingga manggis dapat menjadi komoditas
ekspor yang sangat prospektif. Taiwan, Hongkong, Malaysia, Singapura, Jepang,
Belanda, dan Arab Saudi merupakan pasar ekspor buah manggis yang potensial.
Ekspor buah manggis Indonesia pada musim hujan berkisar antara 200-350 t/bulan,
dengan nilai US$350.000. Harga buah manggis untuk pasar ekspor jauh lebih
tinggi dibanding harga di pasar lokal, sekitar 5-8 kali. Namun demikian,
persyaratan mutu buah manggis dari negara-negara pengimpor sangat tinggi
sehingga banyak buah manggis yang tidak memenuhi syarat untuk diekspor. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Dalam
pemanenan buah manggis dari pohonya, banyak sekali kendala yang dihadapi oleh
petani. Salah satunya adalah tempat tumbuhnya. Dengan tempat yang landai,
dimusim hujan petani akan mengalami kesulitan dalam memanen buah manggis,
karena kondisi tanah yang yang licin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemetikan merupakan salah satu titik
kritis dalam mempertahankan mutu buah manggis. Sebagianbesar pohon manggis
merupakan tanaman liar di hutan dengan tinggi lebih dari 10 m. Tanaman tumbuh
di tempat yang tidak datar, bahkan di beberapa lokasi, pohon manggis tumbuh di
lereng-lereng atau bukit. Dengan tempat tumbuh seperti itu, pemetikan menjadi
sangat sulit dan biasanya dilakukan dengan memanjat pohon. Menurut pengalaman
para petani, apabila pohon terlalu sering dipanjat maka buah pada cabang yang
sering diinjak akan mengandung getah kuning. Buah yang mengandung getah kuning
akan berasa pahit sehingga tidak dapat dikonsumsi. Selain itu, memanjat pohon
yang terlalu tinggi, terlebih lagi pada musim hujan, cukup berbahaya bagi
pemanjat sehingga perlu digunakan alat pemetik. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
Teknik
pemetikan buah manggis sangat menentukan kualitas dari buah yang didapatkan.
Biasanya, petani buah manggis akan memanjat pohon itu sendiri tanpa alat bantu
untuk memanen buah manggis. Hal ini dapat membahayakan keselamatan perani
tersebut. Selain itu jika petani tersebut terlalu sering memanjat pohon
manggis, maka buah yang berada dekat ranting yang sering dipanjat itu akan
terasa pahit karena mengandung getah kuning. Sehingga dapat menurunkan kualitas
dari buah yang didapat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat pemetik buah manggis yang
digunakan petani biasanya berupa galah dari ranting kayu atau bambu dengan
panjang 1,5-2 m. Pada ujung galah diikatkan pengait dan wadah buah. Dengan
panjang galah yang hanya 1,5-2 m, maka pemetikan buah yang berada pada ketinggian
di atas 2 m perlu dilakukan dengan memanjat pohon sehingga frekuensi pemanjatan
masih cukup tinggi. Seandainya petani memperpanjang galah tersebut menjadi 6-8
m, tentu akan sulit membawa galah sepanjang itu dari rumah ke kebun atau hutan.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat pemetik manggis tipe teleskopik dibuat
untuk mengatasi berbagai kendala dalam pemetikan buah manggis. Agar mudah dioperasikan,
alat pemetik dibuat dari bahan yang cukup ringan namun tidak melengkung,
misalnya aluminium. Alat pemetik ini berupa rangkaian pipa aluminium dengan
panjang tiap pipa 2 m dan diameter yang berbeda- beda. Panjang alat ini 6-10 m.
Pada ujung alat pemetik dipasang pengait dari <i>stainless steel </i>serta kantong
berukuran panjang 25 cm, lebar 17 cm dan tinggi 20 cm, terbuat dari kain halus.
Kantong berfungsi untuk menampung buah yang baru dipetik agar tidak jatuh ke
tanah. Dengan demikian, buah aman dari kerusakan seperti memar atau terlepasnya
kelopak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk alat pemetik dengan panjang 6 m
(3 pipa galah), pipa ketiga dapat dimasukkan ke pipa kedua, selanjutnya pipa
kedua dimasukkan ke dalam pipa ketiga. Pemanjangan alat pemetik dilakukan
dengan memutar penyambung (terbuat dari nilon) ke arah kanan (mengendorkan), menarik
pipa galah di atasnya hingga panjang tertentu (mendekati 2 m) kemudian memutar penyambung
ke arah kiri (mengunci). Untuk memendekkannya dilakukan urutan sebaliknya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE /CARA KERJA ALAT </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun cara kerja alat
ini jika akan digunakan pada pematikan buah manggis pada pohon yang sangat
tinggi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu, cara kerjanya pipa pertama
dapat dimasukkan ke pipa kedua, selanjutnya pipa kedua dimasukkan ke dalam pipa
ketiga. Semakin keatas diameter pipa semakin kecil. Pemanjangan alat pemetik
dilakukan dengan memutar penyambung yang terbuat dari bahan nylon ke arah kanan
untuk mengendorkan, menarik pipa galah di atasnya hingga panjang tertentu
dengan maksimal pemanjangan 2 meter per pipa kemudian memutar penyambung ke
arah kiri untuk mengunci. Untuk memendekkannya dilakukan urutan sebaliknya. Dimana
alat ini juga dapat dilingkungkan sehingga memudahkan penggunanay. Dengan
demikian, alat ini dapat digunakan untuk memetik buah pada berbagai ketinggian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PRODUKTIVITAS / KEMAMPUAN KERJA </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun kemampuan
kerja dari alat ini yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat ini mampu memanen atau memetik buah manggis
sampai dengan 50 kg per hari tapi hal ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat
kesulitan dari keadaan ranting tanaman tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">alat ini mampu menjangkau buah yang letaknya sangat
tinggi .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat ini dalam pengoperasiannya dapat dilengkungkan
untuk menjangkau buah yang berada pada daerah tangkai yang sulit dijangkau oleh
alat lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat ini dapat diperpanjang dari 2 sampai dengan 8
meter . </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KELEBIHAN DAN KEKURANGAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kelebihan
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alat ini antara lain adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ringan
dan mudah dibawa, karena terbuat dari pipa aluminium yang dapat dipendekkan
menjadi 2 m; </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">mudah
digunakan pada berbagai kondisi lahan tempat tumbuh pohon manggis;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">konstruksi
dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga tangkai buah akan terlepas dari ranting hanya
dengan menggeser pemetik ke samping; </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">buah
aman dari memar atau kelopak terlepas sehingga mutu buah lebih baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kekurangan alat ini antara lain adalah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 68.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Buah yang belum
sempurna tingkat kematangannya juga ikut terpanen karena tidak memiliki alat
pendeteksi tingkat kematangan buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 68.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kapasitas kantong
/tempat buah yang telah dipanen tidak terlalu banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SPESIFIKASI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Teleskopik Panjang
maksimum:8 meter</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Panjang maksimum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 8 m</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bobot
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 2 kg</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: 24.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">GAMBAR </span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWEY-LzDN7VoFu1nsb7Qa6hUpHbdNWv_YMsu7Yh2QlS4AmbPZmnNNeNTE4fBNogGc9t9An1S7zow6ib907fETqJsafMMTiEIVIinLROu1cs4C7e-c6MLn-Cw9WJrUQFMH519ui-YPJGfA/s1600/desain.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWEY-LzDN7VoFu1nsb7Qa6hUpHbdNWv_YMsu7Yh2QlS4AmbPZmnNNeNTE4fBNogGc9t9An1S7zow6ib907fETqJsafMMTiEIVIinLROu1cs4C7e-c6MLn-Cw9WJrUQFMH519ui-YPJGfA/s400/desain.JPG" width="400" /></a></b></div>
Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-19143041504874942972012-05-10T19:14:00.003-07:002012-05-10T19:21:26.156-07:00keindahan wisata pantai raja ampat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSliVLtg16GoRYb8Aa2-ERGjV7j7t9fPH9M8p0bZ4UzQa1g1USpn9tev7NmLPZi1OiOsX1RJsev3LITapucuKyi9VBuaFE9o79KvBUTSv9NhzD15mmZvSr29_P0T2LWTMzD5Yj3m37jMM6/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSliVLtg16GoRYb8Aa2-ERGjV7j7t9fPH9M8p0bZ4UzQa1g1USpn9tev7NmLPZi1OiOsX1RJsev3LITapucuKyi9VBuaFE9o79KvBUTSv9NhzD15mmZvSr29_P0T2LWTMzD5Yj3m37jMM6/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Wisata Raja Ampat Papua merupakan salah satu pantai yang terindah dan tereksotis di Indonesia. Pantai yang terletak di wilayah Kabupaten Baru Papua ini merupakan salah satu wisata andalan dari Pulau Papua, sayang untuk mencapainya sungguh amat sangat sulit. Tapi jika kita sudah sampai di Pantai Raja Ampat semua medan perjalanan akan terbayar tuntas dan bahkan lebih dari tuntas. Pantai yang seakan surga ini memberikan pesona yang sangat indah, dari mulai tempat yang masih sangat perawan dan juga tempat yang natural memberikan kesan lebih dari sekedar pantai. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Raja Ampat adalah pecahan Kabupaten Sorong, sejak 2003. Kabupaten berpenduduk 31.000 jiwa ini memiliki 610 pulau (hanya 35 pulau yang dihuni) dengan luas wilayah sekitar 46.000 km2, namun hanya 6.000 km2 berupa daratan, 40.000 km2 lagi lautan. Pulau-pulau yang belum terjamah dan lautnya yang masih asri membuat wisatawan langsung terpikat. Mereka seakan ingin menjelajahi seluruh perairan di “Kepala Burung” Pulau Papua.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pantai Raja Ampat juga digunakan sebagai taman laut, Pantai ini menjadi taman laut terbesar di Indonesia, namun juga diyakini memiliki kekayaan biota laut terbesar di dunia. Terkuaknya panorama alam bawah laut Raja Ampat bermula ketika seorang penyelam ulung berkebangsan Belanda bernama Max Ammer mengunjungi kawasan ini. Kunjungan pertama Max Ammer pada tahun 1990 ke Raja Ampat bermula dari keinginannya untuk menelusuri kapal dan pesawat yang karam pada masa Perang Dunia II. Penelusurannya ini sangat berkesan, sehingga pada tahun 1998 ia mengajak Gerry Allen, seorang ahli perikanan (Ichthyologist) dari Australia, untuk mengadakan survei di tempat ini. Betapa terkejutnya Gerry Allen melihat sumber daya bawah laut yang begitu beragam dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://akhmadf.blogspot.com/2012/05/keindaha-wisata-raja-ampat.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Read more </a></div>Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-78056934159619438822012-05-09T21:13:00.000-07:002012-05-09T21:14:30.113-07:00alat dan mesin pengendali gulma<b>Metrok (ngrambet)</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgscDwGfkGj-YYl-VTNxdo4N0pJA0Def3JWm6vwOR9sBokY-w2veN1KtB1Kpwdp8lDLzrQ9rhgrvX5yUjm95l20FCpSjlx1zkDh-uG7xluj2cYvZgBn0OyNeJ3Ag4oFzmbccJCpRMBoH1Q/s1600/Capture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgscDwGfkGj-YYl-VTNxdo4N0pJA0Def3JWm6vwOR9sBokY-w2veN1KtB1Kpwdp8lDLzrQ9rhgrvX5yUjm95l20FCpSjlx1zkDh-uG7xluj2cYvZgBn0OyNeJ3Ag4oFzmbccJCpRMBoH1Q/s320/Capture.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
1. Gambar alat pengendali gulma pada padi sawah <br />
a.kayu <br />
b. mata pisau<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY1Lqd-PaZZqePKaV4Lc4Hi-szDGCmjgVGLiz-8LUnuo-mcHs3lZt-Wxm-Bwlhujqzi123RJ3J4a5yPgmCp1PSiT9rcLWMCDFq6LSjs09TrgQsjzgQVfsQcyiIWlIc8egEab5WpC5AqPs/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY1Lqd-PaZZqePKaV4Lc4Hi-szDGCmjgVGLiz-8LUnuo-mcHs3lZt-Wxm-Bwlhujqzi123RJ3J4a5yPgmCp1PSiT9rcLWMCDFq6LSjs09TrgQsjzgQVfsQcyiIWlIc8egEab5WpC5AqPs/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Ngarambet adalah kegiatan penyiangan padi setelah ngalandak. Kegiatan ini dilakukan kurang lebih 1 mg setelah ngalandak, dilakukan oleh ibu tani tanpa menggunakan alat bertujuan mencabut gulma yang tidak terjangkau oleh landakan. Kelemahannya adalah tangan menjadi sakit ketika tanahnya kering.<br />
METROK adalah alat ngarambet dengan cara kerja dikerok. Alat ini merupakan inovasi baru yang diciptakan untuk mempermudah kerja penyiangan padi . <br />
<br />
Fungsi masing-masing dari bagian-bagian alat<br />
- kayu : berfungsi untuk sebagai gangang pada besi untuk tempat pengangan dan menpermudah pengerjaan. Hubungan kerja alat ini dengan mata pisau adalah sebagai tempat untuk melengketnya pisau pada gagang memudahkan kita dalam mengunakannya.<br />
- Mata pisau : berfungsi untuk memotong gulma yang menggangu pada tanaman padi ynag di budidayakan .<br />
Fungsi Penyiangan<br />
• Membersihkan gulma sehingga tidak terjadi persaingan akan kebutuhan metabolisme tanaman.<br />
• Memasok udara ke dalam tanah sehingga terjadi aerasi yang baik.<br />
• Memotong akar tanaman. dengan terpotongnya akar tanaman akan memacu partumbuhan cabang cabang akar yang lebih banyak dengan banyaknya akar maka pertumbuhan tanaman akan lebih bagus<br />
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Cara kerja alat<br />
carakerja alat ini sangat sesuai dengan keinginan petani karena alat ini tercipta dari ide praktis seorang petani. yaitu pengerat rumput yang sangat efektip digunakan baik di lahan kering maupun dilahan sawah.<br />
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Perawatan alat<br />
Agar alat yang digunakan dapat tahan lama, maka harus ada pemeliharaan alat setelah pekerjaan selesai. Setelah alat selesai digunakan, bersihkan alat dengan cara mencuci dengan air hingga bersih dari kotoran tanah. Karingkan alat dengan lap atau dijemur dibawah sinar matahari. Setelah kering alat dilap dengan kain yang diberi minyak pelumas atau minyak sayur, kemudian simpan pada tempat yang kering, jauh dari jangkauan anak.<br />
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<b>Spreyer menggunakan mesin tenaga pengerak untuk mengendalikan gulma pada padi</b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY1Lqd-PaZZqePKaV4Lc4Hi-szDGCmjgVGLiz-8LUnuo-mcHs3lZt-Wxm-Bwlhujqzi123RJ3J4a5yPgmCp1PSiT9rcLWMCDFq6LSjs09TrgQsjzgQVfsQcyiIWlIc8egEab5WpC5AqPs/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY1Lqd-PaZZqePKaV4Lc4Hi-szDGCmjgVGLiz-8LUnuo-mcHs3lZt-Wxm-Bwlhujqzi123RJ3J4a5yPgmCp1PSiT9rcLWMCDFq6LSjs09TrgQsjzgQVfsQcyiIWlIc8egEab5WpC5AqPs/s400/Capture.jpg" width="400" /></a> <br />
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Bagian-bagian alat dan hubungan kerjanya<br />
Berdasarkan prinsip kerjanya, maka alat penyemprot tipe gendong ini memiliki bagian utama yang terdiri :<br />
1. Tangki dari bahan plat tahan karat, berfungsi untuk menampung cairan pestisida<br />
2. Unit pompa, yang terdiri dari silinder pompa, piston dari kulit<br />
3. Tangkai pompa, berfungsi untuk memompa cairan yang ada dalam tangki<br />
4. Saluran penyemprot, terdiri dari kran, katup serta pipa yang bagian ujungnya dilengkapi nosel.Manometer, berfungsi untuk mengukur tekanan udara di dalam tangki.hubungan kerjanya adalah untuk mengetahui berpa tekanan yang ada dalam tangki agar menpermudah mengeluarkan hembusan melewati nozel.<br />
5. Katup pengatur aliran cairan keluar dari tangki Katup pengendali aliran cairan bertekanan yang ke luar dari selang karet Laras pipa penyalur aliran cairan bertekanan dari selang menuju ke nosel <br />
6. .Nosel, berfungsi untuk memecah cairan menjadi pertikel halus sehingga hasil semburan menjadi merata.<br />
7. Mesin pengerak, berfungsi untuk menbantu memompa tangki untuk mengeluarkan cairan pestisida melalui nozel hubungan kerja alat ini dengan nozel yaitu untuk memonpa air yang ada dalam tangki .<br />
8. Tutup sprayer berfungsi untuk menutup agar air tidak tumpah pada tangki hubungan kerjanya adalah pada tangki yang saling untuk melengkapi agar air tidak tumpah.<br />
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Kemanpuan kerja<br />
Alat ini menpunyai kemanpuan kerja yang cukup tinggi karna di gerakkan oleh mesin pengerak dan dalam pengerjaan sangat cepat karna dalam penggunaan tidak perlu lagi menggunakan pompa dalam mengendalikan hama yang menyerang pada penbudidayaan tanaman padi.<br />
prinsip Cara kerja <br />
Prinsip kerja alat penyemprot handsprayer adalah memecah cairan menjadi butiran partikel halus yang menyerupai kabut. Dengan bentuk dan ukuran yang halus ini maka pemakaian pestisida akan efektif dan merata ke seluruh permukaan daun atau tajuk tanaman. Untuk memperoleh butiran halus, biasanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses pembentukan partikel dengan menggunakan tekanan (hydraulic atomization), yakni cairan di dalam tangki dipompa sehingga mempunyai tekanan yang tinggi, dan akhirnya mengalir melalui selang karet menuju ke alat pengabut. Cairan dengan tekanan tinggi dan mengalir melalui celah yang sempit dari alat pengabut, sehingga cairan akan pecah menjadi partikel-partikel yang sangat halus.<br />
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<b>Mesin Penyiang Bermotor </b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZUPmLhiRwsqmcmmbDq8TPjE2JHSwvYEBYtLcum2-I9pB3j3LH4lx-FUEBSh-27m6vjmw16OuojF2FBLGfxIOYmdqArQ1hc6XjqZgNCdDBHzfPjGMMlP56TB1UxpeelWPWWNRu0u6NWtI/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZUPmLhiRwsqmcmmbDq8TPjE2JHSwvYEBYtLcum2-I9pB3j3LH4lx-FUEBSh-27m6vjmw16OuojF2FBLGfxIOYmdqArQ1hc6XjqZgNCdDBHzfPjGMMlP56TB1UxpeelWPWWNRu0u6NWtI/s1600/Capture.jpg" /></a><br />
Spesifikasi Teknis:<br />
• Tipe : Walking Type <br />
• Penggerak : Motor Bensin, 2 Tak, 2 HP /6500 rpm<br />
• Pajang : 1.550 mm<br />
• Lebar : 620 mm<br />
• Tinggi : 960 mm<br />
• Berat : 21 Kg (termasuk mesin)<br />
• Kecepatan Jalan : 2 – 2,5 km/jam<br />
• Lebar Kerja : 2 baris x 20 cm, 2 baris x 25 cm<br />
• Kapasitas Kerja : a) Satu Arah : 0,067 Ha/ jam; b) Dua Arah : 0,037 Ha/ jam<br />
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Mesin penyiang bermotor untuk gulma padi lahan sawah sudah sangat diperlukan oleh petani karena kegiatan pengendalian hama, melalui penyiangan merupakan salah satu kegiatan penting dalam budidaya tanaman padi secara intensif untuk meningkatkan produktivitas hasil persatuan luas. Adanya kecenderungan pergeseran tenaga kerja dari sektor pertanian ke sektor jasa dan industri; di beberapa daerah telah mengalami kesulitan mendapatkan tenaga kerja untuk penyiangan. <br />
Bagian-bagian alat, fungsinya dan hubungan kerjanya<br />
1. Stang kemudi : berfungsi untuk mengatur arah jalannya mesin penyiang hubungan kerjanya dengan tuas gas yang mengatur tingginya gas.<br />
2. Tuas gas : berfungsi untuk mengatur gas hubungan kerjanya dengan stang kemudi untuk mengatur jalan mesin penyiang .<br />
3. Tangki bahan bakar berfungsi untuk menyimpan bahan bakar agar selalu tersedia kalau dalam pemakaiannya. Hubungan kerjanya dengan komponen yang di transper agar menjadi bahan bakar agar mesin dapat di fungsikan.<br />
4. Mesin pengerak berfungsi untuk menberi daya kepada komponen-komponen yang ada agar menpermudah pengerjaan dalam penyiangan gulma.<br />
5. Pelindung weeder berfungsi untuk melingdungi petani agar terhindar dari resiko bahaya.<br />
6. Rangka berfungsi untuk tempat untuk memasang dari suatu system.<br />
7. Ekor peluncur berfungsi untuk menahan saat mesin penyiang selesai di gunakan.<br />
8. cakar penyiang merupakan eksekutor dalam mesin ini, cakar terdiri dari roda yang terbuat dari plat besi, dan cakar sendiri dibuat dari bahan paku baja yang dibengkokkan di ujungnya. Untuk membuat roda diperlukan plat besi yang dibentuk menggunakan pahat.<br />
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Cara pengoprasian mesin penyiang<br />
Kerja mesin penyiang mekanis ini akan baik apabila kondisi lahan dan tanaman sesuai dengan persyaratan mesin ini, yaitu kondisi lahan tergenang air macak-macak setinggi 1- 5 cm, kedalaman lapisan lumpur sawah (diukur dengan cara orang berdiri di lumpur) maksimum 25 cm. <br />
Syarat dari kondisi tanaman yang dikehendaki alat ini adalah jarak tanam antar baris harus lurus dan tetap. Apabila diinginkan penyiangan dalam dua arah membujur dan melintang tanaman padi harus ditanam dalam dua arah lurus, biasanya petani menggunakan caplak untuk membentuk alur sebelum ditanam. Jarak tanam padi sawah di Indonesia sangat bervariasi tergantung kebiasaan petani.<br />
<br />Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com0Makassar, Indonesia-5.1398 119.4305-5.2663185000000006 119.2725715 -5.0132815 119.58842849999999tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2384892743577628912.post-35970909342943544142012-05-09T07:06:00.000-07:002012-05-09T07:06:17.489-07:00alat dan mesin penggiling padiLESUNG DAN ALU<br /><br />1. GAMBAR ALAT<br /><br />
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQbWilLA0YyL7Wa0f37BS-9iP_jzj9xEOqIwWGoi-byJSm-T17E6UmU7g0" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQbWilLA0YyL7Wa0f37BS-9iP_jzj9xEOqIwWGoi-byJSm-T17E6UmU7g0" /></a>2. SPESIFIKASI ALAT : <br />Kapasitas per jam : 15 sampai 20 menit<br />Dimensi : (P x L x T) 120 x 15 x 17 (cm)<br />Berat bersih : 5 kg<br /> penggerak : manusia sebanyak 3 sampai 4 orang<br />Kelengkapannya : lesung dan alu.<br />3. BAGIAN-BAGIAN DAN FUNGSI ALAT :<br />
<ul>
<li> Lesung ; terbuat dari kayu utuh yang diceruk mirip perahu. Cerukan pada kayu tersebut berfungsi sebagai tempat gabah ditumbuk.</li>
<li> Alu ; terbuat dari kayu yang bentuknya bulat panjang seperti pipa.</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphDBg0VDG4fdnpqYTL9rPeigjP3f0qtzlGQn60DRtREKSqva6EHpAOnrzFOiFYP4fJWyzBciYL-MJRlsQmDxAuxwd95p1lzi8cdgHoct2v7zU-iIiEKsa2GMISnJwmVmLRqB51NUURDk/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphDBg0VDG4fdnpqYTL9rPeigjP3f0qtzlGQn60DRtREKSqva6EHpAOnrzFOiFYP4fJWyzBciYL-MJRlsQmDxAuxwd95p1lzi8cdgHoct2v7zU-iIiEKsa2GMISnJwmVmLRqB51NUURDk/s1600/Capture.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphDBg0VDG4fdnpqYTL9rPeigjP3f0qtzlGQn60DRtREKSqva6EHpAOnrzFOiFYP4fJWyzBciYL-MJRlsQmDxAuxwd95p1lzi8cdgHoct2v7zU-iIiEKsa2GMISnJwmVmLRqB51NUURDk/s1600/Capture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>4. KEMAMPUAN KERJA ALAT: <br /> Alat tradisional ini bisa menggiling padi kurang 5 Kg, dalam sekali giling dengan waktu kurang lebih 15 sampai 20 menit. Selain memiliki nilai budaya sangat kuat, beras yang dihasilkan dengan cara menumbuk ini konon juga hasilnya akan lebih bagus dari padi yang digiling. Padi tumbuk aroma wangi beras dapat terjaga serta rasanya juga jauh lebih gurih bahkan harganya juga lebih mahal. Tidak hanya itu, dengan menggunakan tumbuk padi ini presentase gabah menjadi beras juga lebih banyak dari pada penggilingan modern seperti yang ada di pabrik penggilingan maupun penggilingan keliling. <br />5. CARA KERJA ALAT: <br />1. Taruh gabah di atas lesung<br />2. Kemudian ambil lah alu, pukul alat penumpuk padi (alu) ke arah lesung <br />3. Lakukan langkah 1 dan 2 sampai kulit gabah tersebut pecah.<br />4. Setelah selesai gabah dan melanjutkan proses selanjutya.<br />6. PERAWATAN ALAT ALAT: <br /> apabila alat tersebut sudah habis dipakai sebaiknya dibersihkan dari sisa-sisa padi yang habis di tumbuk, dan alat ditaruh di tempat yang kering dan tidak lembab agar alat tersebut tetap awet dan tidak hancur tidak dimakan rayap .<br /><br />ALAT PENGGILING PADI SEDERHANA<br />RUBBER ROLL<br />1. GAMBAR ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6tI7PcMqHDqbQgoYmwu3ZK1NggytH8Pe_8mD6cSobA7B4yTY3vf19JDiLa6QGqtraTK1mC1mTRv4UzzkICJd_3a4Q22YVTWC5T8tfHjEBqVRmyQyhb1h7HpDps5UpRLB6sIlal8edTAs/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6tI7PcMqHDqbQgoYmwu3ZK1NggytH8Pe_8mD6cSobA7B4yTY3vf19JDiLa6QGqtraTK1mC1mTRv4UzzkICJd_3a4Q22YVTWC5T8tfHjEBqVRmyQyhb1h7HpDps5UpRLB6sIlal8edTAs/s1600/Capture.jpg" /></a> <br /> 2. SPESIFIKASI ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br />- Ukuran Rol Karet / Dimension d Rubber Roll : 132,4 x 111,25 mm <br />- Tenaga / Required Power : 4 HP<br />- Dimensi Pull Utama : 110 mm x 85 mm<br />- Kapasitas /Capacity : 500 Kgs / Hr<br />- Putaran : 1050 rpm<br />- Tinggi Total / Height Body : 1570 mm<br />- Dimensi Bodi / Dimensions (Body drty) : 735 mm x 600 mm<br />- Berat : 500 kg<br /> 3. BAGIAN-BAGIAN DAN FUNGSI ALAT :<br />1. Shutter :berfungsi untuk sebagai katup utama.<br />2. Feeding roll : berfungsi sebagai untuk rol perata.<br />3. Roll gap adjuster :berfungsi sebagai pengatur jarak rol karet.<br />4. Wind adjuster 1 :berfungsi sebagai pengatur udara.<br />5. Satand :berfungsi untuk sebagai penahan.<br />6. Hopper :berfungsi sebagai untuk corong masuk padi/gabah.<br />7. Feed adjuster :berfungsi sebagai untuk pengatur masukan padi.<br />8. Distribution :berfungsi sebagai untuk plat pembagi padi/gabah.<br />9. Wind adjuster 2 :berfungsi sebagai untuk pengatur udara 2 pada mesin pengiling.<br />10. First outlet :berfungsi sebagai untuk saluran utama .<br />11. Second outlet :berfungsi sebagai untuk saluran ke-dua.<br /><br />4.KEMAMPUAN KERJA ALAT ATAU MESIN : <br /> Kapasitas produksi riil antara 0,3 – 0,7 ton beras per jam. Pada umumnya pemindahan beras dari husker ke polisher dilakukan oleh tenaga manusia. <br />5.CARA KERJA ALAT ATAU MESIN: <br /> Mula-mula tumpukan padi disiapkan di dekat lubang pemasukan (corong sekam) gabah. Mesin penggerak dan mesin pemecah kulit dihidupkan, kemudian corong sekam dibuka-tutup dengan alat klep penutup. Proses pemecah kulit dilakukan 2 kali (ulangan) dan diayak 1 kali dengan alat ayakan beras pecah kulit agar dihasilkan beras pecah kulit (BPK). Ayakan BPK untuk varietas butir bulat (ukuran lubang ayakan 0,8 inci) dan butir panjang (ukuran lubang ayakan 1 inci) berbeda. Proses pemecah kulit berjalan baik bila butir gabah pada beras pecah kulit tidak ada. Namun bila masih banyak butir gabah harus distel kembali struktur rubber roll dan kecepatan putarannya. Memecah kulit gabah dengan cara memberikan tenaga tarik akibat kecepatan putar yang berbeda dari dua silinder karet yang dipasang berhadapan. Persentase gabah terkupas, beras patah dan beras menir tergantung pada kerapatan dan kelenturan silinder karet ini. Silinder yang telah mengeras atau yang terlalu rapat satu sama lain akan meningkatkan jumlah beras patah dan beras menir, sedangkan jarak kedua silinder yang renggang akan menyebabkan persentase gabah tidak terkupas meningkat. Biasanya gabah yang tidak terkupas akan dipisahkan dari beras pecah kulit dan dimasukkan lagi ke dalam pengumpan hingga semuanya terkupas.<br />6.PERAWATAN ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> Hindarkan dari air agar tahan lama dan simpan pada tempat yang tidak tergaggu dari anak-anak.kemudian bersihkan setelah pemakaian selesai.<br /><br />mesin Pengupas Padi Poles Beras<br />1. GAMBAR ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphDBg0VDG4fdnpqYTL9rPeigjP3f0qtzlGQn60DRtREKSqva6EHpAOnrzFOiFYP4fJWyzBciYL-MJRlsQmDxAuxwd95p1lzi8cdgHoct2v7zU-iIiEKsa2GMISnJwmVmLRqB51NUURDk/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />2. SPESIFIKASI ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br />
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<ul>
<li> Model : SB-10D.</li>
<li> Dimensi : 72x70x170 cm.</li>
<li> Kapasitas : 900 kg / jam.</li>
<li> Daya : 45 kw.</li>
<li> Putaran : 2450 rpm.</li>
<li> Berat : 1 ton.</li>
<li> Harga : Rp 7.600.000,00.</li>
</ul>
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3. BAGIAN-BAGIAN ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br />INLET Material : berfungsi untuk pemisah batu-batuan<br />Hopper Scale : berfungsi untuk Corong tuang <br />Precleaner, Paddy Husker :berfungsi sebagai tempat padi mengelupas kulitnya<br />Destoner : berfungsi untuk pemisah sekam dan beras pecah kulit<br /> whitener : berfungsi sebagai tempat membuat beras menjadi putih <br /> Polisher : berfungsi sebagai tempat memoles beras<br />Shutter Scale :berfungsi sebagai penyortiran hasil giling padi menjadi beras .<br />4. KEMANPUAN KERJA ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br />Alat ini menpunyai kemanpuan kerja dengan kapasitas 900 kg <br />Dan alat ini sangat bagus karna dapat meringankan beban manusia sehingga manusia tidak perlu lagi menumbuk padinya lagi dengan mengunakan alat pengiling ini.<br />5. CARA KERJA ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> Gabah dimasukkan melalui corong 1, diproses, hasilnya berupa gabah yang sudah terkelupas kulit luarnya (keluar melalui lubang 2) dan limbah berupa sekam yang keluar melalui lubang 3. Dari nomor 2, gabah kemudian dimasukkan ke corong no 4, diproses, hasilnya berupa dedak alias bekatul yang keluar melalui lubang 5 dan beras yang keluar melalui lubang 6.<br /><br />6. PERAWATAN ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br />Matikan mesin setelah dipakai agar tahan lama dan hindarkan yang bisa membahayakan mesin,kemudian mesin yang dipakai harus benar-benar di jaga dengan baik.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Mesin Pengupas Gabah Menjadi Beras Putih (Penggiling Padi dan Pemutih Beras) <br /><br />1. GAMBAR ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje10r3yAQQYVJMv9GK8YpumSNy4Oc6wJhLk-dd_XCbrCYgSbRuZwz6aUW8ZnFb48sMTHnAduVuv9MIIM8jiahdrw9ykjqBkiYdNTDibeesSejj8grREHfjMKOGObA8aZnIABpwpnaobpw/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje10r3yAQQYVJMv9GK8YpumSNy4Oc6wJhLk-dd_XCbrCYgSbRuZwz6aUW8ZnFb48sMTHnAduVuv9MIIM8jiahdrw9ykjqBkiYdNTDibeesSejj8grREHfjMKOGObA8aZnIABpwpnaobpw/s1600/Capture.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQeV4ZNaPNMdRfEUZLhTW4bbc8InwIKrFD0ADyOxaL7vojJN8vVjtcEhfXdIVPV37FypYXxEU9fVqv-QhIaulbjF0516kadIu2nUAOIgtz5NhpJguzpvk4qhnG-1ga2NlsBn8xamawpGs/s1600/Capture.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQeV4ZNaPNMdRfEUZLhTW4bbc8InwIKrFD0ADyOxaL7vojJN8vVjtcEhfXdIVPV37FypYXxEU9fVqv-QhIaulbjF0516kadIu2nUAOIgtz5NhpJguzpvk4qhnG-1ga2NlsBn8xamawpGs/s1600/Capture.jpg" /></a><br />2. SPESIFIKASI ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br />Mesin Pecah Kulit (HC6BV)<br />Kapasitas per jam : 1300 – 1500 kg / jam (1100 rpm)<br />Dimensi (P x L x T) 169,5 x 89,95 x 86,35 (cm)<br />Berat bersih : 201 kg<br />Motor penggerak : 15 PK starter<br />Kelengkapannya : Van Belt, Poley, Pompa Keong, Pondasi<br />PEMUTIH BERAS<br />Polysher / Mesin pemutih beras<br />Hongsui N – 70<br />Ichi – 70<br />Kapasitas beras putih : 500 – 700 kg/jam (750 rpm) per jam<br />Dimensi (P x L x T) 138 x 50 x 129 (cm)<br />Berat bersih : 155 kg<br />Motor penggerak : 16 PK starter KUBOTA<br />Kelengkapannya : Van Belt, Poley, Pomap Keong, Pondasi<br />3. BAGIAN-BAGIAN ALAT ATAU MESIN DAN FUNGSINYA :<br />PADDY CLEANER : berfungsi untuk memisahkan kotoran / benda asing yang bercampur dalam gabah.<br />PADDY HUSKER : berfungsi untuk mengupas kulit gabah.<br />SEPARATOR : berfungsi untuk memisahkan gabah yang bercampur dengan beras pecah kulit.<br />DE-STONER : berfungsi untuk memisahkan batu yang bercampur dengan BPK atau beras.<br />POLISHER ABRASSIVE : pra poles.<br />POLISHER FRICTION : berfungsi untuk mempemutih akhir / penyosohan.<br />RICE REFINER : berfungsi untuk mencuci permukaan biji beras.<br />RICE SIFTER : berfungsi untuk memisahkan beras kepala dgn beras patah serta menir.<br />RICE GRADER : berfungsi untuk memisahkan beras kepala dari pencampuran beras patah.<br />4. KEMANPUAN KERJA ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> Alat ini menpunyai kemanpuan kerja dengan 1300 – 1500 kg perjam dengan alat ini menbantu petani untuk mengiling padinya dengan cepat.<br />5. CARA KERJA ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> prinsip kerjanya memecah kulit gabah dengan cara memberikan tenaga tarik akibat kecepatan putar yang berbeda dari dua silinder karet yang dipasang berhadapan. Persentase gabah terkupas, beras patah dan beras menir tergantung pada kerapatan dan kelenturan silinder karet ini. Silinder yang telah mengeras atau yang terlalu rapat satu sama lain akan meningkatkan jumlah beras patah dan beras menir, sedangkan jarak kedua silinder yang renggang akan menyebabkan persentase gabah tidak terkupas meningkat. Biasanya gabah yang tidak terkupas akan dipisahkan dari beras pecah kulit dan dimasukkan lagi ke dalam pengumpan hingga semuanya terkupas. Pekerjaan ini dilakukan menggunakan mesin lain yang disebut mesin pemisah BPK dan gabah, atau secaram umum disebut pengayak.<br /><br />6. PERAWATAN ALAT ATAU MESIN :<br /> Cara merawat alat ini adalah menjaga alat agar tidak berkarat supaya tidak cepat rusak, dan setelah habis dipakai alat dibersihkan dari biji-bijian yang melekat pada mesin pengering padi.<br />Muhammad ikhsanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05656572887824333018noreply@blogger.com2Makassar, Indonesia-5.1398 119.4305-5.2663185000000006 119.2725715 -5.0132815 119.58842849999999